Brink-Day-Johnston-Fletcher
Simmons-Garland-Anderson-Rugg
Person Page 157
Main Page - Master Index - Surname Index
Previous Page - Next Page
| Ta-shed-khons (?)1 (F) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Osorkon I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Takelot I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
| ||
Sheshonq I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Nimlot, Great Chief of the Meshwest (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Tentsepeh (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | Mery-amun, Type: Epithet2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Great Chief of the Meshwesh, Type: Titled3,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Sheshonq, Type: Birth name2,1 | |
| Name-Var | Sheshonk I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Note* | Bubastite DYNASTY, the 22nd dynasty of ancient Egypt (c. 945-c. 730 BC),ruled by Libyans. Libyan soldiers had long been employed in the Egyptian army, and militarychiefs had settled in the large towns and acquired wealth and power whilethe native rulers had grown weaker and weaker. The rulers of the 22nddynasty were clearly, from their names, of foreign extraction, and theirgenealogy indicates a Libyan origin. Sheshonk I (the biblical Shishak), the founder of the dynasty, seems tohave fixed his residence at Bubastis in the Nile delta, married his sonto the daughter of the last king of the Tanite dynasty, and securedThebes. Whereas King Solomon of Israel appears to have dealt with a21st-dynasty king on basically an equal footing, Sheshonk sackedJerusalem and carried off an enormous treasure in about 930 BC. Osorkon I, his son, inherited a prosperous kingdom from his father andsucceeded in making his son high priest of Amon, but no further progresswas made. It required a strong hand to curb the Libyan chieftains, anddivisions soon began to show themselves in the increasingly feudalizedkingdom. The 23rd, or Theban, dynasty (c. 823-c. 732 BC) was contemporaneous withthe end of the 22nd and was dominated by another branch of theBubastites. By then the kings of both the 22nd and the 23rd dynasties hadlittle hold upon the subject princes, who spent the resources of thecountry in feuds among themselves. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97,BUBASTITE DYNASTY] ---------- Sheshonk I, also spelled SHOSHENQ, or SHISHAK, (fl. 10th century BC),first king (reigned 945-924 BC) of the 22nd dynasty of Egypt. Sheshonk came from a line of princes or sheikhs of Libyan tribal descentwhose title was 'great chief of the Meshwesh' and who appear to havesettled in Heracleopolis in Middle Egypt, although another traditionplaced the line in Bubastis in the eastern Nile River delta. Sheshonkprobably ascended the throne without a struggle, making Bubastis hisresidence and marrying his son Osorkon to a daughter of Psusennes II, thelast king of the previous dynasty. According to the Old Testament, 'Shishak king of Egypt came up againstJerusalem' (1 Kings 14:25-26) in about 930 BC in support of Jeroboam, thepretender who challenged the right of Solomon's son Rehoboam to succeedto the Israelite throne. Sheshonk's victories in Palestine werecelebrated by reliefs and inscriptions at Karnak. Although the biblicalaccount reported the looting of the palace and Temple, the name Jerusalemdid not survive in the Egyptian record. A fragment bearing Sheshonk'sname was found at Megiddo. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, SHESHONK I] ---------- Sheshonq was a strong ruler who brought the divided factions of Thebesand Tanis together into a once more united Egypt. Calculatedappointments of his sons to various high offices meant that he exercisespecific control over important areas of the country. Uniting thereligious and secular spheres, his son Iuput was Governor of Upper Egyptand at the same time both High Priest of Amun and commander-in-chief ofthe armies. Another son, Djed-ptah-auf-ankh, supported his brother inthe religious field as Third Prophet of Amun. Yet another son, Nimlot,acted as military commander at Herakleopolis, an important garrison thatcould keep Thebes in check, if need be, to the south. With such a stablepower base at home, sheshonq could then turn his gaze outwards to the oldEgyptian Near Eastern possessions. Following the death of Solomon in 930 BC, the kingdoms of Judah andIsrael under Rehoboam (Solomon's son) and Jeroboam I, respectively, wereat loggerheads and ripe for strong Egyptian military intervention.Sheshonq -- Shishak of the Bible -- defeated them both in 925 BC in ahighly successful campaign, the like of which had not been seen since thedays of Ramesses III in the 20th Dynast. He moved first against Judah,arriving before the walls of Jerusalem, held by Rehoboam. The city wassurrounded but Sheshonq was bought off from entering it by being given'the treasures of the house of the Lord, and the treasures of the king'shouse; he even took away all: and he took away all the shields of goldwhich Solomon had made' (1 Kings 14: 26). All Solomon's treasures,except apparently the most sacred and emotive Ark of the Covenant, fellto Sheshonq. Pharaoh then turned his attentioon to Israel, pursuing hisearlier protégé Jeroboam, who fled over the Jordan. Finally, Sheshonqhalted at Megiddo, the scene of Tuthmosis III's victory 500 years before,and erected a suitable victory stele in the manner of his predecessors. Such success was duly signalled in the appropriate place -- on the wallsof the temple of Amun at Thebes -- and the sandstone quarries at Gebelel-Silsila had to be reopened to provide the building material. Iuput,as High Priest of Amun, was also head of works. A great new court wasconstructed before the Second Pylon at Karnak, its south outer walldecorated with a huge relief of Sheshonq victorious through the grace ofAmun and with captives falling to his might. [chronicle of the Pharaohs,Peter A. Clayton, Thames and Hudson, Ltd., London, 1994]1 | |
| Event-Misc | Hedj-kheper-re Setep-en-re, Type: Throne Name4,1 | |
| Death* | 924 BC1 | |
| Birth* | 980 BC5,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 22nd (at Tanis) (Libyan or Bubastite), Type: Dynasty4,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 945 - 924 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned4,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Maat-ka-re (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Osorkon I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
| ||
Maat-ka-re (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Psusennes II, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Note* | The end of the (21st) dynasty came with Psusennes II, whose reign,lasting 14 years, is little known. His successor, Sheshonq I, the founderof the 22nd Dynasty, married Maatkare, Psusennes' daughter, thus forginganother dynastic marriage tie. [Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Peter A.Clayton, Thames and Hudson, Ltd., London, 1994]1 | |
| Name-Var | Karemaat (?)1 | |
| Birth* | 955 BC2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Sheshonq I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Osorkon I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Psusennes II, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Pinedjem II, High Priest of Amun (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Istemkheb (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 959 - 945 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 21st at Tanis (Tanite), Type: Dynasty2,1 | |
| Note* | The end of the (21st) dynasty came with Psusennes II, whose reign,lasting 14 years, is little known. [Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Peter A.Clayton, Thames and Hudson, Ltd., London, 1994]1 | |
| Event-Misc | Mery-amun, Type: Epithet3,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Death* | c. 945 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc | Pa-seba-kha-en-niut, Type: Birth name3,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Tit-kheperu-re, Type: Throne Name3,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Dau-Bio* | Maat-ka-re (?)+1 | |
Nimlot, Great Chief of the Meshwest (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Shoshenq, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Mehtenweskhet (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | 1005 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Tentsepeh (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Sheshonq I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Tentsepeh (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Shoshenq, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Mehtenweskhet (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Birth* | 1005 - 1000 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Nimlot, Great Chief of the Meshwest (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Sheshonq I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Shoshenq, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Paihut, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Mehtenweskhet (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Nimlot, Great Chief of the Meshwest (?)+1 | |
| Dau-Bio* | Tentsepeh (?)+1 | |
| ||
Mehtenweskhet (?)1 (F) | ||
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Birth* | 1025 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Shoshenq, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Nimlot, Great Chief of the Meshwest (?)+1 | |
| Dau-Bio* | Tentsepeh (?)+1 | |
Paihut, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Nabnasi (?)1 | |
| Name-Var | Paihuti, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1044 BC, Great Cheif of the Meshwesh, Type: Titled2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Shoshenq, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (?)+1 | |
Nabnasi (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Mawasen (?)1 | |
| Name-Var | Nabnechi (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Paihut, Great Chief of the Meshwesh (?)+1 | |
| ||
Mawasen (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Buyuwawa (?)1 | |
| Name-Var | Mawasta (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Nabnasi (?)+1 | |
| ||
Buyuwawa (?)1 (M) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Death* | aft. 1080 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Mawasen (?)+1 | |
| ||
Pinedjem II, High Priest of Amun (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Men-kheper-re, High Priest of Amun (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Isiemkheb (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | Pi-nedjem, Type: Birth name2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Kha-kheper-re Setep-en-amun, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Name-Var | Pinudjem II, High Priest of Amun (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 990 - 969 BC, High Priest of Amun (Thebes), Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| Death* | c. 969 BC1 | |
| Burial* | Deir el Bahari [Thebes]2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Istemkheb (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Psusennes II, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Men-kheper-re, High Priest of Amun (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Pinedjem I, High Priest of Amun (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Henuttawy (I) (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1045 - 992 BC, High Priest of Amun [Thebes], Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Men-kheper-re, Type: Birth name2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Hem-netjer-tepy-en-amun, Type: Throne Name3,1 | |
| Death* | c. 992 BC1 | |
| Burial* | Deir el Bahari [Thebes]3,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Isiemkheb (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Pinedjem II, High Priest of Amun (?)+1 | |
| Son-Bio* | Smendes II, High Priest of Amun (?)+1 | |
Isiemkheb (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Psusennes I, Pharaoh of Egypt [Tanis] (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Wiya (?)1 | |
| Name-Var | Istemkheb (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Men-kheper-re, High Priest of Amun (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Pinedjem II, High Priest of Amun (?)+1 | |
| Son-Bio* | Smendes II, High Priest of Amun (?)+1 | |
| ||
Psusennes I, Pharaoh of Egypt [Tanis] (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Pinedjem I, High Priest of Amun (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Henuttawy (I) (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | A-kheper-re Setep-en-amun, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Pa-seba-kha-en-niut, Type: Birth name2,1 | |
| Note* | Within the precinct of a temple dedicated to the Theban trio of Amun,Mut, and Khonsu at Tanis Pierre Montet found in 1939-40 the stone-builtburial chambers of the 21st Dynasty kings. The rich tomb of Psusenneswas found intact, the only pharaonic grave ever discovered thus (the tombof Tutankhamun having been robbed twice in antiquity). A large carvedred granite sarcophagus enclosed a black granite anthropoid coffin, whichin turn held a silver inner coffin. Over the face of the mummy lay agold face mask, but the mummy had been substantially destroyed by thepoor conditions. The large sarcophagus had originally been used 170years earlier for the burial of Merneptah, successor of Ramesses II, inthe Valley of the Kings, as his still readable cartouches on the lidshowed. The black granite coffin had belonged to a high-ranking 19thDynasty noble who could not be identified. The reuse of a Thebansarcophagus shows that there was friendly contact between north andsouth, and also that the Valley of the Kings was in course of beingofficially looted or its contents recycled. Other members of the royalcourt buried at Tanis included Psusennes' wife, Mutnodjmet, and his sonand successor, Amenemope. Curiously, Amenemope was buried in his mother'stomb and not in the one prepared for him. His burial at Tanis produced afine group of funerary material, including a rather bland-looking goldface mask, but was not so rich as that of Psusennes. [Chronicle of thePharaohs, Peter A. Clayton, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London, 1994]1 | |
| Event-Misc | Mery-amun, Type: Epithet2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 21st at Tanis (Tanite), Type: Dynasty3,1 | |
| Burial* | Tanis2,1 | |
| Death* | c. 991 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1039 - 991 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Wiya (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Isiemkheb (?)+1 | |
Smendes II, High Priest of Amun (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Men-kheper-re, High Priest of Amun (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Isiemkheb (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 992 - 990, High Priest of Amun [Thebes], Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Death* | c. 9901 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Tabent-Thuty (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Istemkheb (?)+1 | |
Istemkheb (?)1,2 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Smendes II, High Priest of Amun (?)2 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Tabent-Thuty (?)2 | |
| Event-Misc* | F2 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Pinedjem II, High Priest of Amun (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Psusennes II, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+2 | |
Tabent-Thuty (?)1 (F) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Smendes II, High Priest of Amun (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Istemkheb (?)+1 | |
| ||
Pinedjem I, High Priest of Amun (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Piankh, High Priest of Amun (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1070 - 1032 BC, High Priest of Amun, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1054 - 1032 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| GEDCOM* | Commander of the army of Upper and Lower Egypt, _MIL4,1 | |
| Name-Var | Pinudjem I, High Priest of Amun (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | Mery-amun, Type: Epithet5,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Kha-kheper-re Setep-en-amun, Type: Throne Name5,1 | |
| Death* | 1032 BC1 | |
| Birth* | bef. 1070 BC1 | |
| Burial* | Deir el Bahari [Thebes]5,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Pi-nedjem, Type: Birth name5,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Henuttawy (I) (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Men-kheper-re, High Priest of Amun (?)+1 | |
| Son-Bio* | Psusennes I, Pharaoh of Egypt [Tanis] (?)+1 | |
| ||
Henuttawy (I) (?)1,2,3 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ramses XI, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)3 | |
| Name-Var | Hent-tawy (?)3 | |
| Note* | Stuart (Royalty for Commoners, 3rd ed., 1998) on page 212, line 423, gen.110, and again on page 214, line 425, gen. 110, he refers to her asHent-tawy, daughter of Rameses XI, Pharaoh. However, on page 213, line424, gen. 108, he refers to her as Hent-tawy, daughter of Smendis I,Pharaoh 1069-1043, and Tent-amun, daughter of a judge. Clayton (Chronicle of the Pharaohs, 1994) refers to her as the daughterof Ramesses XI. Regarding Smendes I, who succeeded Ramesses XI, hestates that he seems to have consolidated his position by marrying one ofthe many daughters of Ramesses XI.3 | |
| Event-Misc* | F3 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Pinedjem I, High Priest of Amun (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Men-kheper-re, High Priest of Amun (?)+3 | |
| Son-Bio* | Psusennes I, Pharaoh of Egypt [Tanis] (?)+3 | |
Ramses XI, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ramses X, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1098 - 1070 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned1 | |
| Event-Misc | User-maat-re Mery-amun Setep-en-re, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Note* | Ramses XI (fl. 12th-11th century BC), king of Egypt (reigned 1104-1075?BC), last king of the 20th dynasty, whose reign was marked by civil warsinvolving the high priest of Amon and the viceroy of Nubia. At the end ofhis reign, new dynasties were founded in Upper and Lower Egypt. During his reign much of the population of western Thebes stayed withinthe fortified temple of Ramses III at Madinat Habu; and at variousperiods there was no high priest of Amon--even the high priest Amenhotepwas suspended from office for eight months. With the high priest's fall, Theban society disintegrated into nearanarchy; tomb robbery became rife, penetrating even the Valley of theTombs of the Kings and involving scores of persons. Gangs crossed theriver from eastern Thebes to participate in the looting. On the west bankthe funerary temples of the 19th and 20th dynasties were plundered by thepriests and necropolis staff. Out of the chaos, Herihor, a new leader,emerged from the military ranks. Beginning in the 19th year of the king'sreign, Herihor restored order and became high priest of Amon. Herihor soon arrogated the titles held earlier by Pinhasy, who hadsuppressed his superior, Amenhotep, and Herihor even added the vizier'stitle. In the temple of Khons at Thebes, he actually usurped the fullroyal titulary. When he died he was succeeded as high priest by Piankh (ageneral previously thought to be his son), without ever having quitesecured the full kingship except in his Theban bailiwick. Piankh waged anunsuccessful war against Pinhasy in Nubia, losing the province for Egypt. Thus, in obscurity, Ramses XI completed at least 27 years of rule; hisTheban tomb lay unfinished and remained unoccupied, Egypt passing to twonew separate dynasties. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, RAMSES XI]1 | |
| Event-Misc | 20th, Type: Dynasty3,1 | |
| Death* | 1070 BC1 | |
| Birth* | bef. 1098 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc | Kha-em-waset Merer-amun Netjer-heqa-iunu, Type: Epithet2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Dau-Bio* | Henuttawy (I) (?)+1 | |
Wiya (?)1,2 (F) | ||
| Event-Misc* | F2 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Psusennes I, Pharaoh of Egypt [Tanis] (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Isiemkheb (?)+2 | |
Piankh, High Priest of Amun (?)1 (M) | ||
| Event-Misc | Piankh, Type: Birth name2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1074 - 1070 BC, High Priest of Amun, Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| Note* | At the end of the New Kingdom Egypt was divided. The north was inheritedby the Tanite 21st dynasty (1075-c. 950 BC), and much of the Nile Valleycame under the control of the Theban priests (the northern frontier oftheir domain was the fortress town of al-Hiba). Some Theban priestslocally assumed the title of king, but there is no indication of conflictbetween the priests and the Tanite pharaohs. Indeed, the dating ofdocuments, even at Thebes, was in terms of the Tanite reigns, andapparently there were close family ties between the pharaohs and theThebans. Piankh's son, Pinudjem I, who relinquished the office of highpriest and assumed the kingship at Thebes, was probably the father of theTanite pharaoh Psusennes I. [Encyclopaedia Britannica CD '97, EGYPT:HISTORY: THE 21st DYNASTY] ---------- NOTE: Stuart (Royalty for Commoners, 3rd. ed., 1998) gives Herihor, HighPriest of Amun, and his wife, Nodjmet, daughter of Hrere (fem.), as theparents of Piankh. Clayton (Chronicle of the Pharaohs, 1994), however,states, 'Herihor's short-lived successor as High Priest of Amun and defacto Pharaoh was Piankh, who may have been Herihor's son-in-law.' Thus,I am not including Herihor in this tree until his relationship to Piankhis certain.1 | |
| Death* | 1070 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Pinedjem I, High Priest of Amun (?)+1 | |
Ramses X, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ramses IX, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | Kheper-maat-re, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Amon-hir-khopsh-ef, Type: Epithet2,1 | |
| Note* | Ramses X (fl. 12th century BC), king of Egypt (reigned 1108-04 BC),during whose poorly documented reign disorders that had become endemicunder his predecessor continued. Only one year of his reign is definitely attested, by a diary from histhird year, found in western Thebes. It reveals that tomb cutters wereidle for long periods, both because Libyans were roaming the area andbecause rations due the workmen were in arrears. According to one entry,workmen flatly refused to obey even an order given by the vizier himself.The high priest of Amon, often referred to in the diary, was probablyAmenhotep, who survived into the next reign. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD'97, RAMSES X] ---------- The reign of Ramesses X has been variously given as ranging from three tonine years, such is the lack of detail available for the period. Aninscription from Aniba in Nubia has his cartouche and presumablyevidences some continuing small concern with the area; but the greatinfluence and possessions of Egypt to the north-west, into Palestine andSyria, were now things of the past. The king's tomb (KV 18), just beyondSeti I's, has never been properly explored and no mummy has beenattributed to him. [Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Peter A. Clayton, Thamesand Hudson Ltd., London, 1994]1 | |
| Event-Misc | 20th, Type: Dynasty3,1 | |
| Death* | 1098 BC1 | |
| Birth* | bef. 1108 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1108 - 1098, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Ramses XI, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Ramses IX, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ramses VIII, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | Nefer-kha-re Setep-en-re, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1126 - 1108 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| Note* | Ramses IX (fl. 12th century BC), king of Egypt (reigned 1126-08 BC),during whose reign serious civil problems troubled Egypt. Amenhotep, the high priest, exercised all religious and many governmentalfunctions in Thebes, while Ramses IX remained almost continuously at hiscapital in the Nile delta. Libyan marauders from two tribes begandisturbing the Theban region in the eighth year of his reign, and fiveyears later they caused work stoppages in western Thebes; later theyactually penetrated eastern Thebes. The government's failure in severalyears to pay several months' rations to the necropolis staff in westernThebes led the poorer workmen to plunder tombs, and the price of grain,though down slightly from its peak levels under Ramses IX's predecessor,remained high. Through all these difficulties Ramses IX still controlled Nubia, despitemaintaining his own residence apparently chiefly in the delta. Although a19-year reign has been suggested for him, no incidents of his last twoyears have been recorded. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, RAMSES IX] ---------- With Ramesses IX Egypt returned to a degree of stability in as much asthe king enjoyed a reign of some 18 years. There is not much to show forit in terms of monuments or records, however. Building work in Ramesses'name at the ancient sun center of Heliopolis in the Delta indicates thegreater emphasis being placed on Lower Egypt. this was probably one ofthe reasons why the High Priests of Amun at Thebes were increasingly ableto assert their own power in Upper Egypt and to sow the seeds of thefinal insurrection to come during the 21st Dynasty. Ramesses IX's tomb (KV 6) is a long one in the tradition of the 'syringe'tunnels of the later 19th and 20th Dynasties. It lies almost directlyopposite that of Ramesses II in the Valley and it may be wondered if thechoice of location was influenced by the proximity of the great king, orwhether at this time all traces of the entrance had been obscured. Themummy of Ramesses IX was found in the 1881 cache in DB 320 but it waslaid in the later coffin of the princess Neskhons. [Chronicle of thePharaohs, Peter A. Clayton, Thames and Hudson, Ltd., London, 1994] ---------- NOTE: Roderick W. Stuart (Royalty for Commoners, 3rd ed., 1998) states(p. 114, Line 425, gen. 113) that Ramses IX was the son of either RamsesVII or Ramses VIII. Neither Peter A. Clayton (Chronicle of the Pharaohs,1994) nor Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97 make any statement about hisancestry.1 | |
| Event-Misc | Kha-em-waset Merer-amun, Type: Epithet2,1 | |
| Birth* | bef. 1126 BC1 | |
| Death* | 1108 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Ramses X, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Ramses III, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Setnakht, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Tiye-merenese (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | Ra-messes, Type: Birth name2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 20th, Type: Dynasty2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Heqa-iunu, Type: Epithet2,1 | |
| Note* | Ramses III (d. 1156 BC, Thebes, Egypt), king of Egypt (reigned 1187-56BC), who defended his country against foreign invasion in three greatwars, thus ensuring tranquillity during much of his reign. In his finalyears, however, he faced internal disturbances and an attempted coupd'état. Son of Setnakht (reigned 1190-87 BC), founder of the 20th dynasty, Ramsesfound Egypt upon his accession only recently recovered from the civilwars that had plagued the land at the end of the previous dynasty. In thefifth year of his reign, a coalition of Libyan tribes invaded the westernNile delta on the pretext that the pharaoh had interfered in theirchief's succession. The Libyans had, in fact, encroached upon Egyptianlands, a perennial problem during the 19th and 20th dynasties, and weresoundly defeated in a battle in the western delta. After two years of peace, another, more dangerous coalition, the SeaPeoples, a conglomeration of migrating peoples from Asia Minor and theMediterranean islands, who had previously destroyed the powerful HittiteEmpire in Asia Minor and devastated Syria, advanced against Egypt by landand by sea. Ramses' land army checked the enemy's advance in Palestine,and the hostile ships were trapped after being lured into the numerousand intricate waterways of the delta. Egypt averted conquest by thenortherners, but two of the invading peoples settled on the coast ofPalestine, between Gaza and Mount Carmel. The attempted invasion endedEgyptian pretensions to a Syro-Palestinian empire. Two more years of peace ensued, but in Ramses' 11th year a new coalitionof Libyan tribes infiltrated the western delta. Compelled to wage yetanother war, he defeated the Libyans after capturing their chief. After this final conflict, Ramses was able to reorganize Egyptian societyinto classes grouped by occupation and to finish his great funerarytemple, palace, and town complex at Madinat Habu, in western Thebes. Healso built additions at Karnak, the great Theban temple complex. Ramses encouraged trade and industry, dispatching a seaborne tradingexpedition to Punt, a land on the Somali coast of Africa, and exploitingthe copper mines at Sinai and probably also the gold mines of Nubia,Egypt's province to the south. After a prosperous middle reign, administrative difficulties andconspiracy troubled Ramses' last years. About the year 28 of the king'sreign the vizier of Lower Egypt was ousted because of corruption. A yearlater the workers employed on the royal tombs at Thebes went on strikebecause of delay in the delivery of their monthly rations. Only theintervention of the Upper Egyptian vizier, who had assumed responsibilityfor the whole country, ended the work stoppage. Toward the end of Ramses' reign, one of his secondary wives, seeking toplace her son on the throne, plotted to assassinate the king. The planwas somehow betrayed and probably foiled, as the plotters weresuccessfully brought to trial. The king may have died as a result of theplot, or soon afterward; but documents contain no information about theyear of the conspiracy, and the king's mummy displays no wounds. Ramsesdied at Thebes in the 32nd year of his reign and was succeeded by thecrown prince Ramses IV. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, RAMSES III] ---------- As Ramesses III's long reign...came to an end, so did the greatness ofthe Egyptian pharaohs. The exact relationships of the subsequent kingsbearing the name Ramesses is at times obscure; certainly Ramesses IV, V,VI and VIII appear to have been sons of Ramesses III (although, as noted,many of his sons had died young), while Ramesses VII seems to have been ason of Ramesses VI. [Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Peter A. Clayton, Thamesand Hudson Ltd., London, 1994] ---------- NOTE: Stuart (Royalty for Commoners, 3rd. ed., 1998) gives Merneptah asthe father of Ramses III, while Clayton [Chronicle of the Pharaohs, 1994]and Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97 both give Setnakhte as the father ofRamses III.1 | |
| Event-Misc | User-maat-re Mery-amun, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Death* | 1156 BC, Thebes, Egypt3,1 | |
| Birth* | bef. 1187 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1182 - 1151 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1187 - 1156 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | NN, Princess of the XIX Dynasty (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ramses VIII, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Ramses VIII, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ramses III, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | NN, Princess of the XIX Dynasty (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | User-maat-re Akh-en-amun, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Set-hir-khopsh-ef Mery-amun, Type: Epithet2,1 | |
| Note* | Ramses VIII (fl. 12th century BC), king of Egypt (reigned 1128-26 BC)whose ephemeral reign occurred immediately after that of Ramses VII andis poorly documented. Some modern historians place this king before Ramses VII, following thelist of princes--descendants of Ramses III, depicted in the temple ofthat pharaoh at Madinat Habu in western Thebes--on which his name appearsdirectly after that of Ramses VI, implying that he was Ramses VI's directsuccessor. However, close study of the economic documents of this period,and the fact that Ramses VII is known to be the son of Ramses VI,substantiate the older view that Ramses VIII's brief reign followed thatof Ramses VII. Other than the reference in the temple of his great-grandfather, RamsesVIII is known only by mention in a stela and a single scarab. His tomb,if indeed he ever owned one, has not yet been found in the Valley of theTombs of the Kings at Thebes. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, RAMSESVIII] -------- Ramesses VIII, who probably reigned only for a year, was a son ofRamesses III. That he should have succeeded a son of Ramesses VI isperhaps indicative of a continuing problem of the rightful succession.He has no known tomb or identifiable mummy. [Chronicle of the Pharaohs,Peter A. Clayton, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London, 1994]1 | |
| Event-Misc | 20th, Type: Dynasty3,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1133 - 1126 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| Death* | 1126 BC1 | |
| Birth* | bef. 1133 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1128 - 1126 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned4,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Ramses IX, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
NN, Princess of the XIX Dynasty (?)1,2 (F) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor2 | |
| Event-Misc | 19th, Type: Dynasty3,2 | |
| Birth* | c. 1190 BC2 | |
| Event-Misc* | F2 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Ramses III, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ramses VIII, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+2 | |
Setnakht, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ramses II the Great, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | NN, Princess of the Hittites (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | User-khau-re Setep-en-re, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Merer-amun-re, Type: Epithet2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Set-nakhte, Type: Birth name2,1 | |
| Name-Var | Sethnakht, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Note* | The founder of the 20th dynasty, Setnakht (ruled 1190-87 BC), a man ofobscure origin, appropriated Tausert's [Twosret's] tomb in the Valley ofthe Kings. An inscription of Setnakht recounts his struggle to pacify theland, which ended in the second of his three regnal years. [EncyclopędiaBritannica CD '97, EGYPT: HISTORY: The Early 20th Dynasty] ---------- NOTE: Christian Settipani (Nos Ancetres de l'Antiquiete, Paris, EditionsChristian, 1991) gives Ramses II and NN, daughter of the king of theHittites, as the parents of Setnakht.1 | |
| Event-Misc | 20th, Type: Dynasty2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Death* | 1182 BC1 | |
| Birth* | c. 1220 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1190 - 1187 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1185 - 1182 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Tiye-merenese (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ramses III, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Tiye-merenese (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Merneptah, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Isis-nofret (?)1 | |
| Note* | The ancestry of Tiy(e)-merenese is from Settipani, Christian: NosAncetres de l'Antiquiete (Paris, Editions Christian, 1991, p. 175.1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Setnakht, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ramses III, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
| ||
Merneptah, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ramses II the Great, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Ist-nofret (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | Ba-en-re Mery-netjeru, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Hetep-her-maat, Type: Epithet2,1 | |
| Note* | Merneptah, also spelled MENEPTAH, or MERENPTAH (d. 1204?), king of Egypt(reigned 1213-04 BC) who successfully defended Egypt against a seriousinvasion from Libya. The 13th son of his long-lived father, Ramses II, Merneptah was nearing60 years of age at his accession in about 1213. Toward the end of hisfather's reign, Egypt's military preparedness had deteriorated. Early inMerneptah's reign, his troops had to suppress a revolt in Palestine bythe cities of Ashqelon, Gezer, and Yenoam. (The action is shown by battlereliefs at al-Karnak previously ascribed to Ramses II.) Merneptah'sgreatest challenge, however, came from the west. Libyans had penetratedthe buffer territory west of the delta oases and were encroaching onEgyptian lands. About 1209 Merneptah learned that some Sea Peoples,wanderers who had been displaced from Asia Minor and the Aegean lands andwere roving the Middle East, had joined and armed the Libyans and withthem were conspiring to attack Memphis and Heliopolis, the greatadministrative and religious centres near the delta's apex. After receiving assurances in a dream from Ptah, god of endangeredMemphis, the aged king marshaled his forces and prepared to meet theenemy. The site of the battle is disputed, but a place somewhere west ofthe apex of the delta is suggested by references in the four accounts ofthe war. At dawn of a spring day in 1209, the Libyans and their alliesappeared, evidently expecting a pitched battle. Merneptah, however,unleashed his archers against them, while his infantry and chariotry heldfast. For six hours the bowmen massacred the foe, after which thelatter's chief fled, and the Egyptian chariotry and infantry routed thedemoralized enemy. It was a great victory in which the Libyans and SeaPeoples lost nearly 9,400 men. Egypt was relieved, and Merneptah orderedthe carving of four great commemorative texts. One of these, the famous'Israel Stela,' refers to the suppression of the revolt in Palestine. Itcontains the earliest-known reference to Israel, which Merneptah countedamong the peoples that he defeated. Hebrew scholars suggest that thecircumstances agree approximately with the period noted in biblical booksfrom late Exodus to Judges. A fragmentary stela from the Sudan alsosuggests that the king quelled a rebellion in Lower Nubia, probably afterhis Palestinian exploits. He probably died in about 1204. He left few monuments, but in his conductof Egypt's defense and diplomacy he was at least the equal of hisfather. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, MERNEPTAH] ---------- By the time that Merneptah, Ramesses' 13th son, succeeded his long-livedfather he must have been into his sixties. Merneptah's ten-year reign isdocumented by three great inscriptions: some 80 lines on a wall in thetemple of Amun at Karnak; a large stele with 35 lines remaining fromAthribis in the Delta; and the great Victor Stele found by FlindersPetrie in 1896 in Merneptah's ruined mortuary temple at Thebes,consisting of 28 lines. All three related to Merneptah's militarycampaigns and complement each other. For the last years of Ramesses IIpeace had reigned on the Egyptian frontiers and amongst the vassals, buttimes were changing. A 'flash' revolt in southern Syria was quicklycrushed. The Hittite king, now facing attacks on his northern territoriesand also famine through crop failure, invoked the old treaty of supportto which Merneptah responded by sending grain -- once more, as in theBiblical story, Egypt was a granary for the starving Near East. There was unrest on the western borders with the Libyans who had beenquietly infiltrating the Delta and in Year 5 (1207 BC) attempted aninvasion, fermenting revolt in Nubia and in the western oases. Rapidmobilization and a heavy pre-emptive strike left the Libyans totallyvanquished: the Karnak inscription records Merneptah's valour and theslaughter, 'Libyans, slain, whose uncircumcised phalli were carried off6359' (the Athribis stele records only 6200!). Nubia had risen tosupport the Libyans, but so swift was the destruction of the latter thatMerneptah could immediately turn south and inflict a crushing blow on therebels. Merneptah, although elderly, had made the point that insurgentscould not tamper with Egypt's security. Merneptah realized that his time on the throne might be short. He rapidlycommenced building his mortuary temple on the edge of the desert atThebes and his tomb in the Valley of the Kings. Like many of hispredecessors, he was not averse to using earlier buildings as a quarry.His masons turned to the nearby mortuary temple of Amenhotep III, nowlargely disused, and removed much of it, including the large stele thatwas turned round to take Merneptah's Victory Hymn. Merneptah's tomb inthe Valley of the Kings (KV 8) lies close to that of his father, but at aslightly higher level, so it has not suffered the effects of floodingthat assailed Ramesses' tomb. Fragmentary remains of funerary equipment,including alabaster ushabtis, have been recovered from the tomb, but thecurious fact is that Merneptah apparently had several sarcophagi, eachcarved in various stones that included alabaster, rose and black granite.One of Merneptah's granite sarcophagi was found reused in the intact tombof the pharaoh Psusennes (c. 1033 BC), discovered at Tanis in the Delta. Merneptah's mummy was not found in the tomb, parts of which may have beenopen from antiquity, neither was it in the great cache of royal mummiesdiscovered in 1881. His absence led many Biblical scholars to underlinethe fact that he must have been the pharaoh of the Exodus and hadperished in the Red Sea; his tomb was merely a cenotaph since the bodywas not recovered. These arguments were confounded in 1898 when themummy of Merneptah appeared amongst the 16 bodies found in the royalmummy cache concealed in the tomb of Amenhotep II (KV 35). There is someevidence that Merneptah's queen, Isisnofret, was also buried in his tombrather than in the Valley of the Queens, and that she predeceased him,but her body has not been identified. [Chronicle of the Pharaohs, PeterA. Clayton, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London, 1994]1 | |
| Event-Misc | 19th, Type: Dynasty2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Mer-ne-ptah, Type: Birth name2,1 | |
| Death* | 1202 BC1 | |
| Birth* | c. 1272 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1212 - 1202 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Isis-nofret (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Tiye-merenese (?)+1 | |
Isis-nofret (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Khaemwaset (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Merneptah, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Tiye-merenese (?)+1 | |
| ||
Khaemwaset (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ramses II the Great, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Ist-nofret (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Death* | 1230 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Dau-Bio* | Isis-nofret (?)+1 | |
Ist-nofret (?)1 (F) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Death* | 1246 - 1245 BC2,1 | |
| Marriage* | Ramses II the Great, Pharaoh of Egypt (?); bef. 1289 BC3,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Ramses II the Great, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Khaemwaset (?)+1 | |
| Son-Bio* | Merneptah, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Ramses II the Great, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Seti I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Tuya (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | Mery-amun, Type: Epithet2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Ra-messes, Type: Birth name2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | User-maat-re Setep-en-re, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Note* | Ramses II, byname RAMSES THE GREAT, also called USERMARE RAMSES (fl. 13thcentury BC), third king of the 19th dynasty of Egypt, whose reign(1279-13 BC) was the second longest in Egyptian history. In addition tohis wars with the Hittites and Libyans, he is known for his extensivebuilding programs and for the many colossal statues of him found all overEgypt. Background and early years of reign. Ramses' family, of nonroyal origin, came to power some decades after thereign of the religious reformer, Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV, 1353-36 BC),and set about restoring Egyptian power in Asia, which had declined underAkhenaton and his successor, Tutankhamen. Ramses' father, Seti I, subdueda number of rebellious princes in Palestine and southern Syria and wagedwar on the Hittites of Anatolia in order to recover those provinces inthe north that during the recent troubles had passed from Egyptian toHittite control. Seti achieved some success against the Hittites atfirst, but his gains were only temporary, for at the end of his reign theenemy was firmly established at Kadesh, on the Orontes River, a strongfortress defended by the river, which became the key to their southernfrontier. During his reign Seti gave the crown prince Ramses, the future Ramses II,a special status as regent. Seti provided him with a kingly household andharem, and the young prince accompanied his father on his campaigns, sothat when he came to sole rule he had already had experience of kingshipand of war. It is noteworthy that Ramses was designated as successor atan unusually early age, as if to ensure that he would in fact succeed tothe throne. He ranked as a captain of the army while still only 10 yearsold; at that age his rank must surely have been honorific, though he maywell have been receiving military training. Because his family's home was in the Nile delta and in order to have aconvenient base for campaigns in Asia, Ramses built for himself afull-scale residence city called Pi-Ramesse (House of Ramses; biblicalRaamses), which was famous for its beautiful layout, with gardens,orchards, and pleasant waters. Each of its four quarters had its ownpresiding deity: Amon in the west, Seth in the south, the royal cobragoddess, Buto (Wadjet), in the north, and, significantly, the Syriangoddess Astarte in the east. A vogue for Asian deities had grown up inEgypt, and Ramses himself had distinct leanings in that direction. The first public act of Ramses after his accession to sole rule was tovisit Thebes, the southern capital, for the great religious festival ofOpet, when the god Amon of Karnak made a state visit in his ceremonialbarge to the temple of Luxor. When returning to his home in the north,the king broke his journey at Abydos to worship Osiris and to arrange forthe resumption of work on the great temple founded there by his father,which had been interrupted by the old king's death. He also took theopportunity to appoint as the new high priest of Amon at Thebes a mannamed Nebwenenef, high priest of Anhur at nearby Thinis. Military exploits It seems that, apart from his extensive building activities and hisfamous residence city, Ramses' reputation as a great king in the eyes ofhis subjects rested largely on his fame as a soldier. In the fourth year of his reign, he led an army north to recover the lostprovinces his father had been unable to conquer permanently. The firstexpedition was to subdue rebellious local dynasts in southern Syria, toensure a secure springboard for further advances. He halted at the Nahral-Kalb near Beirut, where he set up an inscription to record the eventsof the campaign; today nothing remains of it except his name and thedate; all the rest has weathered away. The next year the main expedition set out. Its objective was the Hittitestronghold at Kadesh. Following the coastal road through Palestine andLebanon, the army halted on reaching the south of the land of Amor,perhaps in the neighbourhood of Tripolis. Here Ramses detached a specialtask force, the duty of which seems to have been to secure the seaport ofSimyra and thence to march up the valley of the Eleutherus River (Nahrel-Kebir) to rejoin the main army at Kadesh. The main force then resumedits march to the River Orontes, the army being organized in fourdivisions of chariotry and infantry, each consisting of perhaps 5,000 men. Crossing the river from east to west at the ford of Shabtuna, about eightmiles from Kadesh, the army passed through a wood to emerge on the plainin front of the city. Two captured Hittite spies gave Ramses the falseinformation that the main Hittite army was at Aleppo, some distance tothe north, so that it appeared to the king as if he had only the garrisonof Kadesh to deal with. It was not until the army had begun to arrive atthe camping site before Kadesh that Ramses learned that the main Hittitearmy was in fact concealed behind the city. Ramses at once sent offmessengers to hasten the remainder of his forces, but before any furtheraction could be taken, the Hittites struck with a force of 2,500chariots, with three men to a chariot as against the Egyptian two. Theleading Egyptian divisions, taken entirely by surprise, broke and fled indisorder, leaving Ramses and his small corps of household chariotryentirely surrounded by the enemy and fighting desperately. Fortunately for the king, at the crisis of the battle, the Simyra taskforce appeared on the scene to make its junction with the main army andthus saved the situation. The result of the battle was a tactical victoryfor the Egyptians, in that they remained masters of the stricken field,but a strategic defeat in that they did not and could not take Kadesh.Neither army was in a fit state to continue action the next day, so anarmistice was agreed and the Egyptians returned home. This battle is oneof the very few from pharaonic times of which there are real details, andthat is because of the king's pride in his stand against great odds;pictures and accounts of the campaign, both an official record and a longpoem on the subject, were carved on temple walls in Egypt and Nubia, andthe poem is also extant on papyrus. The failure to capture Kadesh had repercussions on Egyptian prestigeabroad, and some of the petty states of South Syria and northernPalestine under Egyptian suzerainty rebelled, so that Ramses had tostrengthen the northern edge of Egypt's Asiatic realm before againchallenging the Hittites. In the eighth or ninth year of his reign, hetook a number of towns in Galilee and Amor, and the next year he wasagain on the Nahr al-Kalb. It may have been in the 10th year that hebroke through the Hittite defenses and conquered Katna and Tunip--where,in a surprise attack by the Hittites, he went into battle without hisarmour--and held them long enough for a statue of himself as overlord tobe erected in Tunip. In a further advance he invaded Kode, perhaps theregion between Alexandretta and Carchemish. Nevertheless, like his fatherbefore him, he found that he could not permanently hold territory so farfrom base against continual Hittite pressure, and, after 16 years ofintermittent hostilities, a treaty of peace was concluded in 1258 BC, asbetween equal great powers, and its provisions were reciprocal. The wars once over, the two nations established friendly ties. Letters ondiplomatic matters were regularly exchanged; in 1245 Ramses contracted amarriage with the eldest daughter of the Hittite king, and it is possiblethat at a later date he married a second Hittite princess. Apart from thestruggle against the Hittites, there were punitive expeditions againstEdom, Moab, and Negeb and a more serious war against the Libyans, whowere constantly trying to invade and settle in the delta; it is probablethat Ramses took a personal part in the Libyan war but not in the minorexpeditions. The latter part of the reign seems to have been free fromwars. Prosperity during his reign One measure of Egypt's prosperity is the amount of temple building thekings could afford to carry out, and on that basis the reign of Ramses IIis the most notable in Egyptian history, even making allowance for itsgreat length. It was that, combined with his prowess in war as depictedin the temples, that led the Egyptologists of the 19th century to dub him'the Great,' and that, in effect, is how his subjects and posterityviewed him; to them he was the king par excellence. Nine kings of the20th dynasty called themselves by his name; even in the period of declinethat followed, it was an honour to be able to claim descent from him, andhis subjects called him by the affectionate abbreviation Sese. In Egypt he completed the great hypostyle hall at Karnak (Thebes) andcontinued work on the temple built by Seti I at Abydos, both of whichwere left incomplete at the latter's death. Ramses also completed hisfather's funerary temple on the west bank of the Nile at Luxor (Thebes)and built one for himself, which is now known as the Ramesseum. At Abydoshe built a temple of his own not far from that of his father; there werealso the four major temples in his residence city, not to mention lessershrines. In Nubia (Nilotic Sudan) he constructed no fewer than six temples, ofwhich the two carved out of a cliffside at Abu Simbel, with their fourcolossal statues of the king, are the most magnificent and the bestknown. The larger of the two was begun under Seti I but was largelyexecuted by Ramses, while the other was entirely due to Ramses. In theWadi Tumilat, one of the eastern entries into Egypt, he built the town ofPer-Atum (biblical Pithom), which the Bible calls a store city (Exodus1:11) but which probably was a fortified frontier town and customsstation. In fact, there can have been few sites of any importance thatoriginally did not exhibit at least the name of Ramses, for, apart fromhis own work, he did not hesitate to inscribe it on the monuments of hispredecessors. In addition to the construction of Pi-Ramesse and Pithom,his most notable secular work, so far as is known, included the sinkingof a well in the eastern desert on the route to the Nubian gold mines. Of Ramses' personal life virtually nothing is known. His first andperhaps favourite queen was Nefertari; the fact that, at Abu Simbel, thesmaller temple was dedicated to her and to the goddess of love points toreal affection between them. She seems to have died comparatively earlyin the reign, and her fine tomb in the Valley of the Tombs of the Queensat Thebes is well known. Other queens whose names are preserved wereIsinofre, who bore the king four sons, among whom was Ramses' eventualsuccessor, Merneptah; Merytamun; and Matnefrure, the Hittite princess. Inaddition to the official queen or queens, the king, as was customary,possessed a large harem, and he took pride in his great family of wellover 100 children. The best portrait of Ramses II is a fine statue of himas a young man, now in the Turin museum; his mummy, preserved in amausoleum at Cairo, is that of a very old man with a long narrow face,prominent nose, and massive jaw. The reign of Ramses II marks the last peak of Egypt's imperial power.After his death Egypt was forced on the defensive but managed to maintainits suzerainty over Palestine and the adjacent territories until thelater part of the 20th dynasty, when, under the weak kings who followedRamses III, internal decay ended its power beyond its borders. Ramses IImust have been a good soldier, despite the fiasco of Kadesh, or else hewould not have been able to penetrate so far into the Hittite Empire ashe did in the following years; he appears to have been a competentadministrator, since the country was prosperous, and he was certainly apopular king. Some of his fame, however, must surely be put down to hisflair for publicity: his name and the record of his feats on the field ofbattle were found everywhere in Egypt and Nubia. It is easy to see why,in the eyes both of his subjects and of later generations, he was lookedon as a model of what a king should be. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97,RAMSES II]1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1279 - 1212 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Death* | 1212 BC3,1 | |
| Birth* | 1304 BC3,1 | |
| Burial* | Valley of the Kings, KV 72,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 19th, Type: Dynasty2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Marriage* | Ist-nofret (?); bef. 1289 BC4,1 | |
| Marriage* | NN, Princess of the Hittites (?); 1239 BC4,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Ist-nofret (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Khaemwaset (?)+1 | |
| Son-Bio* | Merneptah, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
| CoParent | NN, Princess of the Hittites (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Setnakht, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
NN, Princess of the Hittites (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Hattusilis III, King of the Hittites (?)1 | |
| Marriage* | Ramses II the Great, Pharaoh of Egypt (?); 1239 BC2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Ramses II the Great, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Setnakht, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Hattusilis III, King of the Hittites (?)1 (M) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Dau-Bio* | NN, Princess of the Hittites (?)+1 | |
| ||
Tuya (?)1,2,3 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Raia, Lieutenant of Chariotry (?)3 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Tuya (?)3 | |
| Note* | Queen Tuya, Seti's wife, outlived her husband by many years. WhenRamesses II became king, she appeared as the queen-mother on the faēadeat the temple of Abu Simbel. Statues of her were placed in her son'smortuary temple, the Ramesseum, and in his newly founded city, Paramessein the Delta. She died, a grand old lady, probably in her sixties inYear 22 or early 23 of Ramesses' reign, about 1258 BC, and was buried ina large tomb in the Valley of the Queens (QV 80). Reclearance of thetomb in 1972 produced a canopic jar lid with a delightful portrait of herpetite features. [Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Peter A. Clayton, Thamesand Hudson Ltd., London, 1994]3 | |
| Event-Misc* | F3 | |
| Death* | 1258 BC4,3 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Seti I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ramses II the Great, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+3 | |
Seti I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ramses I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Sit-re (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | Men-maat-re, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Mery-en-ptah, Type: Epithet2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Seti, Type: Birth name2,1 | |
| Note* | Seti I (d. 1279 BC), Egyptian king of the 19th dynasty who reigned from1290 to 1279 BC. His father, Ramses I, reigned only two years, and it wasSeti who was the real founder of the greatness of the Ramessids. In the early years of his reign, Seti led his army northward to restoreEgyptian prestige, which had been partly lost during the troubled yearsof the late 18th dynasty. He battled in northern Palestine and Syria andfought at least one battle with the Hittite king Muwatallis; hesubsequently concluded a peace treaty that may have established thefrontier at Kadesh on the Orontes River between Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon. Seti did much to promote the prosperity of Egypt. He fortified thefrontier, opened mines and quarries, dug wells, and rebuilt temples andshrines that had fallen into decay or been damaged; and he continued thework begun by his father on the construction of the great hypostyle hallat Karnak, which is one of the most impressive monuments of Egyptianarchitecture. His greatest memorial is perhaps his mortuary temple atAbydos, which he dedicated to Osiris and six other deities and decoratedwith reliefs of great delicacy on which some of the original colourremains. Behind this temple is a curious building thought to be hiscenotaph. His tomb is the finest in the Valley of the Kings in westernThebes. Although his son Ramses II is more famous, Seti is thought by manyscholars to have been the greatest king of the 19th dynasty.[Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, SETI I]1 | |
| Event-Misc | High Priest of Set, Type: Titled3,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Troop Commander, Type: Titled4,1 | |
| Burial* | Valley of the Kings, KV 172,1 | |
| Death* | 1278 BC1 | |
| Birth* | c. 1327 BC3,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1291 - 1278 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 19th, Type: Dynasty2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Tuya (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ramses II the Great, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Ramses I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Seti, Troop Commander (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | Ra-messes, Type: Birth name2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 1293 - 1291 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Men-pehty-re, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Note* | Ramses I (fl. 14th century BC), king of Egypt (reigned 1292-90 BC),founder of the 19th dynasty of Egypt. Probably descended from a nonroyal military family from the northeastEgyptian delta, Ramses found favour with Horemheb, the last king of the18th dynasty, who was also a military man. As the elderly king had no sonof his own, he made Ramses coregent not long before his own death. Bythen Ramses also was of advanced age, but his son, Seti I, was in theprime of life. In 1292 Ramses I ascended the throne and shortly thereafter made Seti hiscoregent to help him assume some of the more rigorous royal duties. Whilehis son planned campaigns against Syria in an attempt to regain Egypt'slost possessions there, Ramses completed the decoration of the secondpylon and its vestibule in the great Karnak temple of the national god,Amon, at Thebes, which was built and partly decorated by his predecessor.He was also involved in the building of the great colonnaded hall in thetemple at Karnak and had begun its decoration just before his death in1290. Inscriptions reveal that Ramses reigned about one year and four months.He was buried in a small, hastily prepared tomb in the Valley of theTombs of the Kings at Thebes. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, RAMSES I]1 | |
| Event-Misc | Vizier of Egypt [Horemheb], Type: Titled2,1 | |
| Death* | 1291 BC1 | |
| Birth* | c. 1350 BC3,1 | |
| Burial* | Valley of the Kings, KV 162,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 19th, Type: Dynasty2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Sit-re (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Seti I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Seti, Troop Commander (?)1,2 (M) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor2 | |
| Event-Misc* | M2 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Ramses I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+2 | |
Sit-re (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | NN, Prince (or Princess) of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Note* | The burial of Ramesses' wife, Queen Sitre, broke with earlier traditionswhere the queen was apparently buried in her husband's tomb at a laterdate, if she outlived him. Sitre's tomb set a new precedent: it wasplaced in what is now known as the Valley of the Queens at Thebes. Likeher husband's tomb, Sitre's (QV 38) was unfinished, with only a fewpaintings on the walls of the first chamber. [Chronicle of the Pharaohs,Peter A. Clayton, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London, 1994]1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2003 | |
| CoParent | Ramses I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Seti I, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
| ||
Raia, Lieutenant of Chariotry (?)1,2,3 (M) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor3 | |
| E | ||