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| Missing Generations (?)1 (?) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Karanos (?)1 | |
| Birth* | c. 760 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| ||
Karanos (?)1 (M) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Note* | Argead dynasty, ruling house of ancient Macedonia from about 700 to about311 BC; under their leadership the Macedonian kingdom was created andgradually gained predominance throughout Greece. [Encyclopędia BritannicaCD '97, ARGEAD DYNASTY]1 | |
| Birth* | c. 830 - 767 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Child-Bio* | Missing Generations (?)+1 | |
| ||
Apame, Achaemenid Princess of Persia (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Artaxerxes II, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Pharnabazus I, Satrap of Dascylium (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Pharnaces, Satrap of Dascylium (?)+1 | |
| ||
Cleopatra Tryphaena (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Cleopatra III, Princess of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Antiochus VIII Philometor, King of Syria (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Laodice Thea Philadelphos (?)+1 | |
| ||
Antiochus VIII Philometor, King of Syria (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Demetrius II Nicator, Seleucid King of Syria (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Cleopatra Thea (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 124 - 121 BC, King of Syria [jointly with Cleopatra Theo], Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 115 - 96 BC, King of syria [jointly with Antiochus IX], Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 121 - 115 BC, King of Syria, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Birth* | 143 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | 96 BC [assassinated]2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Cleopatra Tryphaena (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Laodice Thea Philadelphos (?)+1 | |
Demetrius I Soter, Seleucid King of Syria (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Seleucus IV Philopator, Seleucid King of Syria (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Laodice IV (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 162 - 150 BC, King of Syria, Type: Reigned2,3,1 | |
| Note* | Demetrius I SOTER (Greek: 'Saviour') (b. c. 187 BC--d. 150), king ofSyria from 162 to 150 BC. He was one of the line of rulers of theSeleucid dynasty, founded in 312 by a Macedonian successor of Alexanderthe Great. The son of King Seleucus IV Philopator (reigned 187 to 175), Demetriuswas sent to Rome as a hostage during his father's reign. While he wasaway, Syria came under the rule of his uncle, Antiochus IV Ephiphanes (d.164), and then of his cousin, Antiochus V. Aided by the Greek statesmanand historian Polybius, Demetrius escaped from Rome in 162 and returnedto Syria to claim the throne. He defeated the rebel general Timarchus andwas recognized as king by the Roman Senate. In 160 he crushed a Jewishrebellion in Palestine. Demetrius died while fighting the pretenderAlexander Balas, who was supported by Rome, Egypt, and Pergamum.[Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, DEMETRIUS I SOTER]1 | |
| Birth* | 186 BC2,1 | |
| Birth | c. 187 BC3,1 | |
| Death* | 150 BC2,3,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Demetrius II Nicator, Seleucid King of Syria (?)+1 | |
Seleucus IV Philopator, Seleucid King of Syria (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Antiochus III Megas, Seleucid King of Syria (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Laodice III, Princess of Pontus (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 187 - 185 BC, Seleucid King of Syria, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Seleucus IV PHILOPATOR (b. c. 217 BC--d. 175 BC), seventh king (reigned187-175 BC) of the Seleucid dynasty, son of Antiochus III the Great. Although the empire that Seleucus inherited was not so great as the oneover which his father had ruled before the war with Rome (190-189), itwas still large, consisting of Syria (including Cilicia and Palestine),Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and nearer Iran (Media and Persia). Because offinancial difficulties, created in part by the heavy war indemnityexacted by Rome, Seleucus was compelled to pursue a policy devoid ofexpensive adventures. His unambitious policy and care were also dictatedby the fact that his son and heir, Demetrius, had been sent to Rome as ahostage for his father. When Seleucus was assassinated in 175 by hischief minister Heliodorus, his brother Antiochus seized the throne.[Encyclopędia Britannica CD '98, SELEUCUS IV PHILOPATOR]1 | |
| Birth* | c. 217 BC3,1 | |
| Birth | 220 BC4,1 | |
| Death* | 175 BC [assassinated]3,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Laodice IV (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Demetrius I Soter, Seleucid King of Syria (?)+1 | |
Laodice IV (?)1 (F) | ||
| Note* | Perhaps daughter of Philip V, King of Macedonia (220 - 187 BC).1 | |
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Seleucus IV Philopator, Seleucid King of Syria (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Demetrius I Soter, Seleucid King of Syria (?)+1 | |
| ||
Andromachus (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Achaeus, Seleucid Prince of Syria (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | NN (?)1 | |
| GEDCOM* | General in the Syrian army, _MIL2,1 | |
| Note* | Andromachus was a general in the Syrian army. ---------- Seleucus III, SOTER (d. 223 BC), fifth king (reigned 225-223 BC) of theSeleucid dynasty, elder son of Seleucus II Callinicus. Seleucus took up the task of reconquering Pergamum in Asia Minor from acousin, Attalus I. The first general whom he sent, Andromachus, wasdecisively defeated by Attalus and captured. Seleucus III then led anarmy across the Taurus himself. In Phrygia, however, he was assassinated.He was succeeded by his younger brother, Antiochus III the Great.[Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, SELEUCUS III SOTER]1 | |
| Death* | c. 224 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Dau-Bio* | Laodice II, Seleucid Queen of Syria (?)+1 | |
Achaeus, Seleucid Prince of Syria (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Seleucus I Nicator, Seleucid King of Syria (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Apama of Bactria (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | NN (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Laodice I, Seleucid Queen of Syria (?)+1 | |
| Son-Bio* | Andromachus (?)+1 | |
| ||
NN (?)1 (F) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Note* | Perhaps daughter of Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia (336 - 323 BC)[Royalty for Commoners, 3rd ed., Roderick W. Stuart, GenealogicalPublishing Co., Baltimore, MD, 1998]1 | |
| Birth* | c. 305 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Achaeus, Seleucid Prince of Syria (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Laodice I, Seleucid Queen of Syria (?)+1 | |
| Son-Bio* | Andromachus (?)+1 | |
| ||
Apama of Bactria (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Spitamenes, Satrap of Bactria (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | NN (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Birth* | c. 344 BC1 | |
| Marriage* | Seleucus I Nicator, Seleucid King of Syria (?); 324 BC, Susa, Persia2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Seleucus I Nicator, Seleucid King of Syria (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Achaeus, Seleucid Prince of Syria (?)+1 | |
| Son-Bio* | Antiochus I Soter, Seleucid King of Syria (?)+1 | |
Seleucus I Nicator, Seleucid King of Syria (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Antiochus (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Laodice (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 305 - 280 BC, Seleucid King of Syria, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 321 - 305 BC, Satrap of Babylon, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Seleucus I NICATOR (b. 358/354 BC, Europus, Macedonia--d.August/September 281, near Lysimachia, Thrace), Macedonian army officer,founder of the Seleucid kingdom. In the struggles following the death ofAlexander the Great, he rose from governor of Babylon to king of anempire centring on Syria and Iran. Early life and ascent to power Seleucus was the son of Antiochus, a general of Philip II of Macedonia,the father of Alexander the Great. Seleucus participated in the conquestof the Persian empire as one of Alexander's officers, and in 326 hecommanded the Macedonian infantry against King Porus of India in battleon the Hydaspes River. In 324 Alexander ordered a mass wedding ceremonyat Susa (in Persia) to put into practice his ideal of uniting the peoplesof Macedonia and Persia. On this occasion Seleucus married Apama, thedaughter of Spitamenes, the ruler of Bactria. Of all the Macedoniannobles, he was the only one who did not repudiate his wife afterAlexander's death. After Alexander died (323), Seleucus was given the command of thehetairoi (companions) cavalry and took part in the regent Perdiccas'campaign to oust Ptolemy, the governor (satrap) of Egypt. In Egypt,however, he joined with others in the assassination of Perdiccas. Whenthe empire was divided in 321, he was given the governorship (satrapy) ofBabylon. At the same time Antigonus Monophthalmus (the One-Eyed) had beenplaced in command of a campaign against Eumenes of Cardia, a supporter ofPerdiccas. In 317 Seleucus aided Antigonus but, after Eumenes' executionin 316, Antigonus demanded that Seleucus give an accounting of the incomefrom his satrapy. Seleucus refused to give the accounting and escapedcapture by fleeing to Ptolemy in Egypt. From 316 to 312 Seleucus remained in Ptolemy's service. He took theinitiative in forging a coalition among Ptolemy, Lysimachus (the ruler ofThrace), and Cassander (who laid claim to Macedonia) against Antigonus,whose desire to become the ruler of the whole of Alexander's empire was athreat to them all. In the resulting coalition war (315-311), Seleucuswas made one of Ptolemy's generals and jointly with him commanded thePtolemaic troops that defeated the force of Demetrius, the son ofAntigonus, at the Battle of Gaza in southern Syria (312). Seleucus once again turned his attention to returning to Babylonia, andin August 312 he was able to reconquer Babylon with only a small army.This conquest marked the beginning of the Seleucid era, which is datedDios 1 (Oct. 7), 312, in the Macedonian calendar and Nisan 1 (April 3),311, in the Babylonian calendar. Antigonus ordered Nicanor, one of hisgenerals, to invade Babylonia from the east and his son Demetrius toattack it from the west, but they failed to oust Seleucus. When Antigonusmade peace with his enemies in 311, Seleucus was not included. Consolidation of gains. Little is known about the next few years of Seleucus' reign; hepresumably used them to consolidate his gains. In the year 305 hefollowed the example of the other successors and assumed the title ofking (basileus). He embarked on an expansion of his kingdom throughoutthe Iranian east (the upper satrapies) as far as India, but his advancewas eventually halted by Candragupta, the founder of the Maurya dynastyof India. In a pact concluded by the two potentates, Seleucus agreed toterritorial concessions in exchange for 500 elephants. Developments in the west also caused Seleucus to end his campaign inIndia (303). He had joined a coalition that Ptolemy, Cassander, andLysimachus had once again formed against Antigonus and Demetrius. In thewinter of 302 Seleucus was back in Asia Minor and, together withCassander and Lysimachus, defeated Antigonus in the Battle of Ipsus(301). The victors divided the lands of their enemy among them, withSeleucus being given Syria. The southern part of Syria, Coele Syria, hadin the meantime been occupied by Ptolemy, who had not taken part in thewar. This gave rise to the long series of Syrian wars between theSeleucids and Ptolemies. For the time being, however, Seleucus declinedto enforce his claim; he merely transferred his capital from Seleucia onthe Tigris to the newly founded city of Antioch on the Orontes (301-300). Ptolemy, anxious to improve relations with Lysimachus, had given him hisdaughter Arsinoe in marriage. To provide a counterbalance, Seleucus askedfor the hand of Stratonice, the daughter of Demetrius, and in 298 thewedding was held with much pomp at Rhosus in Syria. Soon, however,Seleucus' territorial demands (e.g., the surrender of Cilicia and thecities of Tyre and Sidon) ruptured the previously harmonious relationshipwith Demetrius. In 294 a sensational scandal occurred at the court of Seleucus.Antiochus, his son by Apama, fell in love with his beautiful stepmother,Stratonice, and his unrequited passion affected his health. Seleucus gavehim Stratonice, assigned him as commander in chief to the uppersatrapies, and appointed him co-regent. In 285 Seleucus took Demetrius prisoner, thus foiling his attempt toconquer Asia, and interned him in Apamea, where he died in 283.Subsequently, Seleucus intervened in dissensions in the house ofLysimachus, who had had his son Agathocles assassinated. In February 281Lysimachus fell in a battle against Seleucus at Corupedium, and Seleucusgained control of Lysimachus' kingdom. He was now near his goal ofreestablishing Alexander's empire. He crossed over to Europe to enterMacedonia, but at the end of August or beginning of September 281, he wasmurdered by Ptolemy Ceraunus, who had been passed over by his father,Ptolemy, as successor to the Egyptian throne. Seleucus' son andsuccessor, Antiochus I, entombed his father's ashes in Seleucia,initiated (probably) the posthumous cult of his father, and ordered hisveneration as Zeus Nicator. Seleucus was an energetic ruler, creating the Seleucid Empire, whichgained its greatest expansion under his rule. He took great interest inthe administration of his territories and founded many new cities. Healso encouraged scientific research: Patrocles explored the Caspian Seaand Megasthenes the Ganges River. A bronze bust--a very impressivelikeness of him, conveying his imposing personality--was found inHerculaneum (in Italy) and is now in Naples. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD'97, SELEUCUS I NICATOR]1 | |
| Birth* | 358 - 354 BC, Europus, Macedonia2,1 | |
| Death* | Aug./Sept. 281 BC, Lysimachia, Thrace2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Marriage* | Apama of Bactria (?); 324 BC, Susa, Persia2,1 | |
| Marriage* | Stratonice I (?); 298 BC, Rhosus, Syria2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Apama of Bactria (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Achaeus, Seleucid Prince of Syria (?)+1 | |
| Son-Bio* | Antiochus I Soter, Seleucid King of Syria (?)+1 | |
Antiochus I Soter, Seleucid King of Syria (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Seleucus I Nicator, Seleucid King of Syria (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Apama of Bactria (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 281 - 261 BC, Seleucid King of Syria, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 292 - 281 BC, Seleucid King of Eastern Syria, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Antiochus I SOTER (b. 324 BC--d. 262/261), king of the Seleucid kingdomof Syria, who ruled about 292-281 BC in the east and 281-261 over thewhole kingdom. Under great external pressures, he consolidated hiskingdom and encouraged the founding of cities. Antiochus was the son of Seleucus I, founder of the Seleucid kingdom, andhis Sogdian queen, Apama. When an invasion of nomads threatened theeastern possessions of his father's realm (between the Caspian and Aralseas and the Indian Ocean), Antiochus was appointed king (292). Herestored some of the damage caused by the invaders and rebuilt threecities. Because his father still had interest in expanding the easterntrade, Antiochus dispatched a noted geographer and general to explore theenvirons of the Caspian Sea. In 294 a sensational scandal occurred at the court of Seleucus I.Antiochus, his son by Apama, fell in love with his beautiful stepmother,Stratonice, and his unrequited passion affected his health. Seleucus gavehim Stratonice, assigned him as commander in chief to the uppersatrapies, and appointed him co-regent. After his father's assassination in 281, Antiochus succeeded to theentire realm, but he was immediately beset by revolts in Syria (probablyinstigated by Egypt), by independence movements in northern Anatolia, andby a war led by Antigonus II Gonatas, ruler of the Greek cities andMacedonia. In 279, after the Gauls invaded Greece and almost ruinedAntigonus, he and Antiochus signed a pact promising not to interfere withone another's territory. The next year, however, 20,000 Gauls crossedinto Asia Minor, and the independent states in the northern partrecruited them to harass Antiochus. He was preoccupied with thepacification of Syria until 275, when, utilizing Indian elephants broughtfrom the east, he defeated the Gauls, who were afterward settled by theirallies in Phrygia to make it a buffer state. The Ionian city-states thatAntiochus had spared from the Gauls' ravages hailed him as a god andnamed him Soter ('Saviour'). In 275 the alliance with Antigonus, nowfully in possession of Macedonia, was cemented by marriage to Antiochus'half sister. Following the Gallic incursions in Greece, Antiochus encouraged Greekimmigration to his realm and established many new cities in Asia Minor toserve as counterweights to the Gauls. He built other cities in Iran toforestall the Parthian threat to his eastern frontier, and he probablyfostered a revival of Babylonian culture and religion to counteractPersian influence. At Babylon he rebuilt the ancient Esagila shrine,although he moved the city's populace to a great Seleucid city a shortdistance away on the Tigris River. The aggressions of Ptolemy II of Egypt caused continuous friction withAntiochus. In 279 he lost Miletus, in southwestern Asia Minor, and in 276the Egyptians invaded northern Syria. But Antiochus defeated hisopponent, repelled him, and secured an alliance with the Egyptian ruler'shalf brother who ruled Cyrene. After Ptolemy married the energeticArsinoe II, however, the war turned against the Seleucids, and about273-272, Phoenicia and the coast of Asia Minor were lost to Egypt. The continuous troubles in the west caused Seleucid control in the fareastern part of the empire to weaken. In 280 Antiochus made his eldestson king in the east, but he proved incompetent. Between 266 and 261Antiochus was drawn into a war with Pergamum, and in 262 he suffered adefeat and lost additional territory. Soon afterward he died, leaving hisson Antiochus II as successor. Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, ANTIOCHUSI SOTER]1 | |
| Birth* | 324 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | 262 - 261 BC2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Stratonice I (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Antiochus II Theos, Seleucid King of Syria (?)+1 | |
Antiochus (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Seleucius (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c. 378 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Laodice (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Seleucus I Nicator, Seleucid King of Syria (?)+1 | |
| ||
Laodice (?)1 (F) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Birth* | c. 374 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Antiochus (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Seleucus I Nicator, Seleucid King of Syria (?)+1 | |
| ||
Seleucius (?)1 (M) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c. 404 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Antiochus (?)+1 | |
| ||
Spitamenes, Satrap of Bactria (?)1 (M) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc | 329 - 328 BC, Satrap of Bactria, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | 365 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | 328 BC3,2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | NN (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Apama of Bactria (?)+1 | |
NN (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Artabazus II, Satrap of Bactria (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Birth* | c. 365 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Spitamenes, Satrap of Bactria (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Apama of Bactria (?)+1 | |
| ||
Artabazus II, Satrap of Bactria (?)1 (M) | ||
| Note* | Satrap of western Asia and Bithynia under Artaxerxes III, and of Bactriaunder Alexander the Great. Retired 328 BC.1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Death* | 325 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Dau-Bio* | NN (?)+1 | |
Artaxerxes II, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Darius II Ochus, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Parysatis (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 404 - 359/358 BC, Achaemenid King of Persia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Artaxerxes II (fl. late 5th and early 4th centuries BC), Achaemenid kingof Persia (reigned 404-359/358). He was the son and successor of Darius II and was surnamed (in Greek)Mnemon, meaning 'the mindful.' When Artaxerxes took the Persian throne,the power of Athens had been broken in the Peloponnesian War (431-404),and the Greek towns across the Aegean Sea in Ionia were again subjects ofthe Achaemenid Empire. In 404, however, Artaxerxes lost Egypt, and in thefollowing year his brother Cyrus the Younger began preparations for hisrebellion. Although Cyrus was defeated and killed at Cunaxa (401), therebellion had dangerous repercussions, for it not only demonstrated thesuperiority of the Greek hoplites used by Cyrus but also led the Greeksto believe that Persia was vulnerable. In 400 Sparta broke openly with the Achaemenids, and during the next fiveyears its armies achieved considerable military success in Anatolia. TheSpartan navy, however, was destroyed at Cnidus (394), thereby giving theAchaemenids mastery of the Aegean. The Greek allies of Persia (Thebes,Athens, Argos, and Corinth) continued the war against Sparta, but, whenit became evident that the only ones to gain from the war were theAthenians, Artaxerxes decided to conclude peace with Sparta. In 386Athens was compelled to accept the settlement known as the King's Peace,or the Peace of Antalcidas, by which Artaxerxes decreed that all theAsiatic mainland and Cyprus were his, that Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyroswere to remain Athenian dependencies, and that all the other Greek stateswere to receive autonomy. Elsewhere Artaxerxes met with less success. Two expeditions against Egypt(385-383 and 374) ended in complete failure, and during the same periodthere were continuous rebellions in Anatolia. There were also warsagainst the mountain tribes of Armenia and Iran. By the King's Peace the Achaemenids had become the arbiters of Greece,and in the following wars all parties applied to them for a decision intheir favour. After the Theban victory of Leuctra (371), an old alliancebetween the Achaemenids and the Thebans was restored. Achaemenidsupremacy, however, was based on Greek internal discord rather thanAchaemenid strength, and, when this weakness became apparent, all thesatraps (governors) of Anatolia rose in revolt (c. 366), in alliance withAthens, Sparta, and Egypt, and Artaxerxes could do little against them.The satraps, however, were divided by mutual distrust, and the rebellionwas finally put down by Persia through a series of treacheries. When thereign of Artaxerxes ended, Achaemenid authority had been restored overmost of the empire--more from internal rivalries and discord than fromhis efforts. Under Artaxerxes an important change occurred in the Persian religion.The Persians apparently did not worship images of the gods untilArtaxerxes set up statues of the goddess Anahita in various large cities.Inscriptions by all former kings named only Ahura Mazda, but those ofArtaxerxes also invoked Anahita and Mithra, two deities of the oldpopular Iranian religion that had been neglected. [EncyclopędiaBritannica CD '97, ARTAXERXES II] -------- Married [1] Stratera, [2] Amestris, [3] Atossa, [4] Aspasia, one of whom(or someone else) was the mother of Apame.1 | |
| Name-Var | Arsaces, Achaemenid Prince of Persia (?)1 | |
| Death* | 359/358 BC3,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 405 - 359 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Dau-Bio* | Apame, Achaemenid Princess of Persia (?)+1 | |
Darius II Ochus, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Artaxerxes I, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Kosmartydene, a concubine (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 423 - 404 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Mery-amen-re, Type: Throne Name3,1 | |
| Note* | Darius II Ochus (d. 404 BC, Babylon [now in Iraq]), Achaemenid king(reigned 423-404 BC) of Persia. The son of Artaxerxes I by a Babylonian concubine, he seized the thronefrom his half brother Secydianus (or Sogdianus), whom he then executed.Ochus, who had previously been satrap of Hyrcania, adopted the name ofDarius on his accession; he was also known as Nothus (Bastard). Dariuswas dominated by eunuchs and by his half sister and wife, the cruel andambitious Parysatis. Intrigue and corruption were rife at the Achaemenidcourt, and revolts in Hyrcania and Media, although quickly suppressed,were symptomatic of the discontent caused by his rule. After the Athenian defeat at Syracuse in 413 BC, Darius decided torecover the Greek coastal cities of Asia Minor, which had been underAthenian control since 448. The satraps of Asia Minor, Tissaphernes andPharnabazus, were ordered to collect overdue tribute, and an allianceagainst Athens was formed with Sparta. In the ensuing war the greaterpart of Ionia was recovered, but elsewhere the allies had less success,partly because of the policy of Tissaphernes, who gave Spartan forcesonly limited support. In 407, however, Darius decided to put all hisresources behind Sparta. He appointed his son Cyrus the Younger in placeof Tissaphernes as commander in chief of Asia Minor and gave him funds tore-create the Spartan fleet. As a result Athenian power was broken in 405at Aegospotami. Not long after, Darius died of an illness. [EncyclopędiaBritannica CD '97, DARIUS II]1 | |
| Death* | 404 BC, Babylon [Iran]4,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 423 - 404 BC, Achaemenid King of Persia, Type: Reigned4,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Parysatis (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Artaxerxes II, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)+1 | |
Parysatis (?)1 (F) | ||
| Note* | Half-sister of Darius II1 | |
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Darius II Ochus, Achaemenid King of Persia (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Artaxerxes II, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)+1 | |
| ||
Artaxerxes I, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Xerxes I, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Amestris (?)1 | |
| Marriage* | Not Married | Kosmartydene, a concubine (?)1 |
| Event-Misc | 465 - 242, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Artaxerxes I (d. 425 BC, Susa, Elam [now in Iran]), Achaemenid king ofPersia (reigned 465-425 BC). He was surnamed in Greek Macrocheir ('Longhand') and in Latin Longimanus.A younger son of Xerxes I and Amestris, he was raised to the throne bythe commander of the guard, Artabanus, who had murdered Xerxes. A fewmonths later, Artaxerxes slew Artabanus in a hand-to-hand fight. Hisreign, though generally peaceful, was disturbed by several insurrections,the first of which was the revolt of his brother the satrap of Bactria.More dangerous was the rebellion of Egypt under Inaros, who receivedassistance from the Athenians. Achaemenid rule in Egypt was restored byMegabyzus, satrap of Syria, after a prolonged struggle (460-454). In 448fighting between the Achaemenids and the Athenians ended, and in theSamian and Peloponnesian wars Artaxerxes remained neutral; toward theJews he pursued a tolerant policy. His building inscriptions atPersepolis record the completion of the throne hall of his father. Thetomb of Artaxerxes is at Naqsh-e Rustam [Naqsh-i-Rustam at Persepolis].[Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, ARTAXERXES I] ---------- In Egypt, upon the death of Xerxes, Artaxerxes I 'found himself opposedby the princes Inaros of Heliopolis [son of Psammetichus III] andAmyrtaeus of Sais. The former became a legendary 'crusader' in laterfolklore, recorded in several damaged demotic papyri; the latter'sgrandson was to be the sole king of the 28th Dynasty. Despite initialsuccesses with the aid of Greek allies, the Egyptians were defeated andInaros executed in 454 BC. Relative tranquility then ensued for the next30 years and the reign of Artaxerxes I, 465-424, left little mark inEgypt.' [Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Peter A. Clayton, Thames and Hudson,Ltd., London, 1994]1 | |
| Death* | 425 BC, Susa, Elam [Iran]3,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 465 - 425 BC, King of Persia, Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| GEDCOM* | Kosmartydene, a concubine (?); _MST Other1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Kosmartydene, a concubine (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Darius II Ochus, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)+1 | |
Kosmartydene, a concubine (?)1 (F) | ||
| Marriage* | Not Married | Artaxerxes I, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 |
| GEDCOM* | Artaxerxes I, Achaemenid King of Persia (?); _MST Other1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Artaxerxes I, Achaemenid King of Persia (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Darius II Ochus, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)+1 | |
| ||
Xerxes I, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Darius I the Great, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Atossa, Achaemenid Princess of Persia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 486 - 465 BC, Achaemenid King of Persia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 485 - 465 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| Note* | Xerxes I, Old Persian KHSHAYARSHA, byname XERXES THE GREAT (b. c. 519BC--d. 465, Persepolis), Persian king (486-465 BC), the son and successorof Darius I. He is best known for his massive invasion of Greece fromacross the Hellespont (480 BC), a campaign marked by the battles ofThermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea. His ultimate defeat spelled thebeginning of the decline of the Achaemenid Empire. Accession to the throne. Xerxes was the son of Darius I and Atossa, daughter of Cyrus; he was thefirst son born to Darius after his accession to the throne. Xerxes wasdesignated heir apparent by his father in preference to his elder brotherArtabazanes. A bas-relief on the southern portico of a courtyard in thetreasury of Persepolis, as well as the bas-reliefs on the east door ofthe tripylon (an ornamental stairway) depict him as the heir apparent,standing behind his father, who is seated on the throne. When his fatherdied, in 486 BC, Xerxes was about 35 years old and had already governedBabylonia for a dozen years. One of his first concerns upon his accession was to pacify Egypt, where ausurper had been governing for two years. But he was forced to use muchstronger methods than had Darius: in 484 BC he ravaged the Delta andchastised the Egyptians. Xerxes then learned of the revolt of Babylon,where two nationalist pretenders had appeared in swift succession. Thesecond, Shamash-eriba, was conquered by Xerxes' son-in-law, and violentrepression ensued: Babylon's fortresses were torn down, its templespillaged, and the statue of Marduk destroyed; this latter act had greatpolitical significance: Xerxes was no longer able to 'take the hand of'(receive the patronage of) the Babylonian god. Whereas Darius had treatedEgypt and Babylonia as kingdoms personally united to the Persian Empire(though administered as satrapies), Xerxes acted with a newintransigence. Having rejected the fiction of personal union, he thenabandoned the titles of king of Babylonia and king of Egypt, makinghimself simply 'king of the Persians and the Medes.' It was probably the revolt of Babylon, although some authors say it wastroubles in Bactria, to which Xerxes alluded in an inscription thatproclaimed: 'And among these countries (in rebellion) there was onewhere, previously, daevas had been worshipped. Afterward, through AhuraMazda's favour, I destroyed this sanctuary of daevas and proclaimed, 'Letdaevas not be worshipped!' There, where daevas had been worshippedbefore, I worshipped Ahura Mazda.' Xerxes thus declared himself the adversary of the daevas, the ancientpre-Zoroastrian gods, and doubtlessly identified the Babylonian gods withthese fallen gods of the Aryan religion. The questions arise of whetherthe destruction of Marduk's statue should be linked with this textproclaiming the destruction of the daeva sanctuaries, of whether Xerxeswas a more zealous supporter of Zoroastrianism than was his father, and,indeed, of whether he himself was a Zoroastrian. War against the Greeks. With the tranquillity of the empire reestablished, Xerxes would willinglyhave devoted himself to peaceful activities. But many of those around himwere pressing for the renewal of hostilities. His cousin andbrother-in-law Mardonius, supported by a strong party of exiled Greeks,incited him to take revenge for the affront that Darius had suffered atthe hands of the Greeks at Marathon (490 BC). The impressionable Xerxesgave way to pressure from his entourage and threw himself into patientdiplomatic and military preparations for war, which required three yearsto complete (484-481 BC). Herodotus notes that never before had such aneffort been undertaken. Troops were levied in all the satrapies, and anavy, intended to be the army's supply line, was gathered. The carelavished on this enterprise shows that the King did not regard it as aminor operation. There has been much later speculation on the real causes for theexpedition. They could not have been economic, because Greece was notimportant then. Perhaps it was only the manifestation of a royalabsolutism: Xerxes, whose character was later distorted in Greek legend,was neither foolish nor overly optimistic; although sensible andintelligent, he was nevertheless, according to G. Glotz, 'a sovereign bydivine right, to whom opposition was as annoying as sacrilege . . .nervous in temperament, fallen from youthful fire into indolence, incitedto make a war he didn't like. . . .' At the head of his armies, he left Sardis for the Hellespont and had twoboat bridges placed across the strait. A storm destroyed them, and Xerxeshad the sea whipped as punishment. With the bridges remade, for sevendays he oversaw the crossing of the army--5,000,000 men according toHerodotus and 360,000 by modern estimate, supported by 700 to 800 ships.Their passage was facilitated by a massive engineering works: a channelwas dug across the Isthmus of Actium so that the peaks of Mount Athosmight be avoided. Nevertheless, the army's size was of no help, partlybecause of misinformation about the enemy terrain and partly because ofthe appearance of a national feeling in Greece. After a few successes(e.g., Thermopylae, mid-August 480 BC), Xerxes occupied Attica andpillaged Athens on September 21, but on September 29, at Salamis, a navalbattle that he had initiated turned into a defeat. Without a fleet tobring supplies to the army, he had to retreat; he crossed over into Asia,leaving Mardonius in Thessaly. During an indecisive battle near Plataea,on Aug. 27, 479, Mardonius was killed, and his death obliged the army ofoccupation to withdraw. Hostilities continued for 13 years, butthenceforth Xerxes involved himself only slightly. Withdrawal to Persia. Soured by this failure, which modern historians consider the beginning ofAchaemenian decline, Xerxes retired to Susa and Persepolis. He thenfurthered the depletion of the once-enormous resources he had gathered,through multiple taxation, by launching a vast construction program. Atthe capital city of Persepolis, Darius' architects, working from aunified plan of great scope, had already begun construction on a giganticterrace of the Apadana (an audience hall), the Tripylon, a palace, and atreasury. When Xerxes became king, he had laid the enameled-brick facingon the exterior of the Apadana and finished his father's palace. Then heerected other monuments: his own palace, southeast of Darius' and similarto it in plan, and a mysterious building called the Harem byarchaeologists--a line of small, identical rooms that may have beenXerxes' treasury. He also undertook construction of the Hall of a HundredColumns, or Throne Room, but he was able to finish only the paving andthe base of the walls (the walls themselves and the decoration of thisgigantic hypostyle hall were the work of Artaxerxes I). These buildingsmarked an evolution toward the colossal and toward a style that wasperhaps more pretentious than that typical of Darius' reign. Little is known about the last years of Xerxes' life. After his reversalin Greece, he withdrew into himself and allowed himself to be drawn intoharem intrigues in which he was, in fact, only a pawn: thus, he disposedof his brother's entire family at the demand of the queen. But in 465 hehimself fell, together with his eldest son, under the blows of murderousmembers of his court, among them his minister Artabanus. Another son,Artaxerxes I, succeeded in retaining power. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD'97, XERXES I]1 | |
| Birth* | c. 519 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | 465 BC, Persepolis, Persia [Iran]2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Amestris (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Artaxerxes I, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)+1 | |
Darius I the Great, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Hystaspes, Satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Rhodogune (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 521 - 486 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 522 - 486 BC, Achaemenid King of Persia, Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| Note* | Darius I, byname DARIUS THE GREAT (b. 550 BC--d. 486), king of Persia in522-486 BC, one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid dynasty, who wasnoted for his administrative genius and for his great building projects.Darius attempted several times to conquer Greece; his fleet was destroyedby a storm in 492, and the Athenians defeated his army at Marathon in 490. Ascension to monarchy. Darius was the son of Hystaspes, the satrap (provincial governor) ofParthia. The principal contemporary sources for his history are his owninscriptions, especially the great trilingual inscription on the Bisitun(Behistun) rock at the village of the same name, in which he tells how hegained the throne. The accounts of his accession given by the Greekhistorians Herodotus and Ctesias are in many points obviously derivedfrom this official version but are interwoven with legends. According to Herodotus, Darius, when a youth, was suspected by Cyrus IIthe Great (who ruled from 559 to 529 BC) of plotting against the throne.Later Darius was in Egypt with Cambyses II, the son of Cyrus and heir tohis kingdom, as a member of the royal bodyguard. After the death ofCambyses in the summer of 522 BC, Darius hastened to Media, where, inSeptember, with the help of six Persian nobles, he killed Bardiya(Smerdis), another son of Cyrus, who had usurped the throne the previousMarch. In the Bisitun inscription Darius defended this deed and his ownassumption of kingship on the grounds that the usurper was actuallyGaumata, a Magian, who had impersonated Bardiya after Bardiya had beenmurdered secretly by Cambyses. Darius therefore claimed that he wasrestoring the kingship to the rightful Achaemenid house. He himself,however, belonged to a collateral branch of the royal family, and, as hisfather and grandfather were alive at his accession, it is unlikely thathe was next in line to the throne. Some modern scholars consider that heinvented the story of Gaumata in order to justify his actions and thatthe murdered king was indeed the son of Cyrus. Darius did not at first gain general recognition but had to impose hisrule by force. His assassination of Bardiya was followed, particularly inthe eastern provinces, by widespread revolts, which threatened to disruptthe empire. In Susiana, Babylonia, Media, Sagartia, and Margiana,independent governments were set up, most of them by men who claimed tobelong to the former ruling families. Babylonia rebelled twice andSusiana three times. In Persia itself a certain Vahyazdata, who pretendedto be Bardiya, gained considerable support. These risings, however, werespontaneous and uncoordinated, and, notwithstanding the small size of hisarmy, Darius and his generals were able to suppress them one by one. Inthe Bisitun inscription he records that in 19 battles he defeated ninerebel leaders, who appear as his captives on the accompanying relief. By519 BC, when the third rising in Susiana was put down, he had establishedhis authority in the east. In 518 Darius visited Egypt, which he lists asa rebel country, perhaps because of the insubordination of its satrap,Aryandes, whom he put to death. Fortification of the empire. Having restored internal order in the empire, Darius undertook a numberof campaigns for the purpose of strengthening his frontiers and checkingthe incursions of nomadic tribes. In 519 BC he attacked the Scythianseast of the Caspian Sea and a few years later conquered the Indus Valley.In 513, after subduing eastern Thrace and the Getae, he crossed theDanube River into European Scythia, but the Scythian nomads devastatedthe country as they retreated from him, and he was forced, for lack ofsupplies, to abandon the campaign. The satraps of Asia Minor completedthe subjugation of Thrace, secured the submission of Macedonia, andcaptured the Aegean islands of Lemnos and Imbros. Thus, the approaches toGreece were in Persian hands, as was control of the Black Sea grain tradethrough the straits, the latter being of major importance to the Greekeconomy. The conquest of Greece was a logical step to protect Persianrule over the Greeks of Asia Minor from interference by their Europeankinsmen. According to Herodotus, Darius, before the Scythian campaign,had sent ships to explore the Greek coasts, but he took no militaryaction until 499 BC, when Athens and Eretria supported an Ionian revoltagainst Persian rule. After the suppression of this rebellion, Mardonius,Darius' son-in-law, was given charge of an expedition against Athens andEretria, but the loss of his fleet in a storm off Mount Athos (492 BC)forced him to abandon the operation. In 490 BC another force under Datis,a Mede, destroyed Eretria and enslaved its inhabitants but was defeatedby the Athenians at Marathon. Preparations for a third expedition weredelayed by an insurrection in Egypt, and Darius died in 486 BC beforethey were completed. Darius as an administrator. Although Darius consolidated and added to the conquests of hispredecessors, it was as an administrator that he made his greatestcontribution to Persian history. He completed the organization of theempire into satrapies, initiated by Cyrus the Great, and fixed the annualtribute due from each province. During his reign, ambitious andfar-sighted projects were undertaken to promote imperial trade andcommerce. Coinage, weights, and measures were standardized and land andsea routes developed. An expedition led by Scylax of Caryanda sailed downthe Indus River and explored the sea route from its mouth to Egypt, and acanal from the Nile River to the Red Sea, probably begun by the chief ofthe Egyptian delta lords, Necho I (7th century BC), was repaired andcompleted. While measures were thus taken to unite the diverse peoples of the empireby a uniform administration, Darius followed the example of Cyrus inrespecting native religious institutions. In Egypt he assumed an Egyptiantitulary and gave active support to the cult. He built a temple to thegod Amon in the Kharga oasis, endowed the temple at Edfu, and carried outrestoration work in other sanctuaries. He empowered the Egyptians toreestablish the medical school of the temple of Sais, and he ordered hissatrap to codify the Egyptian laws in consultation with the nativepriests. In the Egyptian traditions he was considered as one of the greatlawgivers and benefactors of the country. In 519 BC he authorized theJews to rebuild the Temple at Jerusalem, in accordance with the earlierdecree of Cyrus. In the opinion of some authorities, the religiousbeliefs of Darius himself, as reflected in his inscriptions, show theinfluence of the teachings of Zoroaster, and the introduction ofZoroastrianism as the state religion of Persia is probably to beattributed to him. Darius was the greatest royal architect of his dynasty, and during hisreign Persian architecture assumed a style that remained unchanged untilthe end of the empire. In 521 BC he made Susa his administrative capital,where he restored the fortifications and built an audience hall (apadana)and a residential palace. The foundation inscriptions of his palacedescribe how he brought materials and craftsmen for the work from allquarters of the empire. At Persepolis, in his native country of Fars(Persis), he founded a new royal residence to replace the earlier capitalat Pasargadae. The fortifications, apadana, council hall, treasury, and aresidential palace are to be attributed to him, although not completed inhis lifetime. He also built at Ecbana and Babylon. [EncyclopędiaBritannica CD '97, DARIUS I]1 | |
| Event-Misc | Setut-re, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Death* | 486 BC3,1 | |
| Birth* | 550 BC3,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Burial* | Naqsh-i-Rustam, Persia [Iran]2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Atossa, Achaemenid Princess of Persia (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Xerxes I, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)+1 | |
Amestris (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Otones, Chief of Persia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Death* | 425 BC2,1 | |
| Birth* | 505 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Xerxes I, Achaemenid King of Persia (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Artaxerxes I, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)+1 | |
Atossa, Achaemenid Princess of Persia (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Cyrus II the Great, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Neithiyti (?)1 | |
| Name-Var | Hutautha, Archaemenid Princess of Persia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Birth* | c. 545 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Darius I the Great, Achaemenid King of Persia (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Xerxes I, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)+1 | |
Hystaspes, Satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Arsames, Achaemenid King of Parsa (?)1 | |
| Note* | Hystaspes (fl. late 6th century BC), son of Arsames, king of Parsa, andfather of the Achaemenid king Darius I of Persia. According to the 5th-century-BC Greek historian Herodotus, Hystaspes wasgovernor of Persis under Cyrus II the Great and Cambyses II andaccompanied Cyrus on his last campaign against the Massagetai in 530 BC.When Darius seized the throne in 522, Hystaspes was governor of Parthiaand Hyrcania, where he suppressed a revolt in 521. Despite thedifferences in genealogies, some authorities identify him with Hystaspes,the protector of the prophet Zoroaster. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97,HYSTASPES]1 | |
| Name-Var | Vishtaspa, Satrap of Parthia And Hyrcania (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | 570 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | aft. 521 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Rhodogune (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Darius I the Great, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)+1 | |
| Dau-Bio* | NN, of Parthia (?)+1 | |
Rhodogune (?)1,2 (F) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor2 | |
| Event-Misc* | F2 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Hystaspes, Satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Darius I the Great, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)+2 | |
| Dau-Bio* | NN, of Parthia (?)+2 | |
Arsames, Achaemenid King of Parsa (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ariaramnes, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | c. 615 - 522 BC, Achaemenid King of Parsa [Persia], Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Name-Var | Arshama, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 | |
| Death* | 522 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Hystaspes, Satrap of Parthia and Hyrcania (?)+1 | |
Ariaramnes, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Teispes, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 | |
| Note* | Ariaramnes, also spelled ARIYARAMNA (fl. late 7th century BC), earlyAchaemenid king of Persia (reigned c. 640-c. 615). The son of the previous king, Teispes, Ariaramnes ruled over Persis(modern Fars, in southwestern Iran); his brother Cyrus I was givencontrol of Anshan in Elam, north of the Persian Gulf. A campaign by theMedes, however, broke the power of Ariaramnes, and he and his sonArsames, who succeeded him, became vassals of Media (in modern northwestIran). Dating to the reign of Ariaramnes is an important gold tabletwritten in cuneiform--the first historical inscription in Old Persianfrom Achaemenid times. The tablet not only traces the royal line ofAriaramnes but also provides the first Persian mention of Ahura Mazda,the supreme god. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, ARIARAMNES]1 | |
| Name-Var | Ariyaramna, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | c. 640 - c. 615 BC, Achaemenid King of Persia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Death* | c. 615 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Arsames, Achaemenid King of Parsa (?)+1 | |
Teispes, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Achaemenes, King of Parsumash (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | c. 675 - c. 640 BC, Achaemenid King of Persia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Teispes, Old Persian CHISHPISH (fl. mid-7th century BC), early AchaemenidPersian king (reigned c. 675-c. 640), the forefather of the great kingsDarius I and Cyrus II. He was, perhaps, the son of Achaemenes, whose name was given to theAchaemenid dynasty. Teispes ruled the district of Anshan in Elam (northof the Persian Gulf) and tried to maintain a neutral position between thepowerful kingdoms of Elam and Assyria. At his death, Teispes eitherdivided his kingdom between his sons, Ariaramnes and Cyrus I, or providedfor an alternation in succession between the senior and junior lines.[Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, TEISPES] ---------- In his proclamation to the Babylonians, Cyrus calls his ancestors,Teispes, Cyrus I. and Cambyses I., 'kings of Anshan.' But, as we knowfrom Jer. xlix. 34 ff (cf. Ezek. xxxii. 24 ff.), Elam, of which Anshan isa district, suffered heavy defeat in 596 B.C., and it is probably thatthe Pasargadian dynast Teispes conquered Anshan in this year.[Encyclopędia Britannica, 1961 ed., Vol. 6, p. 939, CYRUS THE GREAT]1 | |
| Name-Var | Chishpish, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 | |
| Birth* | bef. 675 BC1 | |
| Death* | c. 640 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Ariaramnes, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)+1 | |
| Son-Bio* | Cyrus I, Achaemenid King of Anshan (?)+1 | |
Cyrus I, Achaemenid King of Anshan (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Teispes, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 | |
| Note* | Cyrus I (fl. late 7th century BC), Achaemenid king, the son of Teispesand grandfather of Cyrus II the Great; he had control over Anshan(northeast of Susa in Elam) and possibly also over Parsumash to the eastduring the second half of the 7th century. Although he sent aid toShamash-shum-ukin of Babylon (651), who was in revolt against Assyria,Cyrus was forced to accept Assyrian overlordship about 639, after theconquest of Elam by Ashurbanipal; and he sent his eldest son, Arukku,with tribute to Nineveh. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, CYRUS I]1 | |
| Name-Var | Kurush, Archaemenid King of Anshan (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | fl. late 7th century BC, Type: Flourished2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Cambyses I, Ruler of Anshan (?)+1 | |
Achaemenes, King of Parsumash (?)1 (M) | ||
| Event-Misc | early 7th century BC, King of Parsumash, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Achaemenes, Old Persian HAKHAMANISH (fl. early 7th century BC), eponymousancestor of the Persian Achaemenid dynasty; he was the father of Teispes(Chishpish) and an ancestor of Cyrus II the Great and Darius I the Great.Although Achaemenes probably ruled only Parsumash, a vassal state of thekingdom of Media, many scholars believe that he led armies from Parsumashand Anshan (Anzan, northwest of Susa in Elam) against the Assyrian kingSennacherib in 681. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, ACHAEMENES] ---------- Achaemenes (Hakhamani), the eponymous ancestor of the royal house ofPersia, the Achaemenidae. According to Darius in the Behistuninscription and Herod. iii. 75, v.. ii, he was the father of Teļspes, thegreat-grandfather of Cyrus. Whether he really was an historicalpersonage, or merely the mythical ancestor of the family, cannot bedecided. According to Aelian, he was bred by an eagle. We learn fromCyrus's proclamation that Teļspes and his successors had become kings ofAnshan; i.e., a part of Elam (Susiana), where they ruled as vassals ofthe Median kings, until Cyrus the Great in 550 B.C. founded the Persianempire. After the death of Cambyses, the younger line of theAchaemenidae came to the throne with Darius, whose father Hystaspes was,like Cyrus, the great-grandson of Teļspes. Cyrus, Darius, and all thelater kings of Persia call themselves Achaemenides (Hakhamanishiya).With Darius III. Codomannus the dynasty became extinct and the Persianempire came to an ed (330 B.C.)...The name Achaemenes is born by a son ofDarius I., brother of Xerxes. After the first rebellion of Egypt, hebecame satrap of Egypt (484 B.C., Herod. vii. 7). He commanded thePersian fleet at Salamis, and was (460 B.C.) defeated and slain byInarus, the leader of the second rebellion of Egypt. [EncyclopędiaBritannica, 1961 ed., Vol. 1, p. 112, ACHAEMENES] ---------- Achaemenian DYNASTY, also called ACHAEMENID, Persian HAKHAMANISHIYA(559-330 BC), ancient Iranian dynasty whose kings founded and ruled theAchaemenian Empire. Achaemenes (Persian Hakhamanish), the Achaemenians'eponymous ancestor, is presumed to have lived early in the 7th centuryBC, but little is known of his life. From his son Teispes two lines ofkings descended. The kings of the older line were Cyrus I, Cambyses I,Cyrus II the Great, and Cambyses II. After the death of Cambyses II (522BC) the junior line came to the throne with Darius I. The dynasty becameextinct with the death of Darius III, following his defeat (330 BC) byAlexander the Great. Probably the greatest of the Achaemenian rulers were Cyrus II (reigned559-c. 529 BC), who actually established the empire and from whose reignit is dated; Darius I (522-486), who excelled as an administrator andsecured the borders from external threats; and Xerxes I (486-465), whocompleted many of the buildings begun by Darius. During the time ofDarius I and Xerxes I, the empire extended as far west as Macedonia andLibya and as far east as the Hyphasis (Beas) River; it stretched to theCaucasus Mountains and the Aral Sea in the north and to the Persian Gulfand the Arabian Desert in the south. The Achaemenian rule of conquered peoples was generally liberal; theempire itself was divided into provinces (satrapies), each administeredby a satrap who underwent frequent inspections by officials reportingdirectly to the king. Royal inscriptions were usually trilingual, in Old Persian, Elamite, andAkkadian; Aramaic, however, was employed for imperial administration anddiplomatic correspondence. Building activity was extensive during the height of the empire, and ofthe several Achaemenian capitals, the ruins at Pasargadae and atPersepolis are probably the most outstanding. Achaemenian sculpturedreliefs and a great number of smaller art objects present a remarkablyunified style for the period. Metalwork, especially in gold, was highlydeveloped, and a variety of carefully executed examples survive.[Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, ACHAEMENID DYNASTY]1 | |
| Name-Var | Hakhamanish (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc | early 7th century BC, Type: Flourished2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Teispes, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)+1 | |
Cambyses I, Ruler of Anshan (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Cyrus I, Achaemenid King of Anshan (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 6th century BC, Type: Flourished2,1 | |
| Note* | Cambyses I (fl. 6th century BC), ruler of Anshan c. 600-559 BC. Cambyseswas the son of Cyrus I and succeeded his father in Anshan (northwest ofSusa in Elam) as a vassal of King Astyages of Media. According to the5th-century-BC Greek historian Herodotus, Cambyses married a daughter ofAstyages, by whom he became the father of Cyrus II the Great.[Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, CAMBYSES I]1 | |
| Name-Var | Kambujiya I, King of Anshan (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | c. 600 - 559 BC, Ruler of Anshan, Type: Reigned1 | |
| Birth* | bef. 600 BC1 | |
| Death* | 559 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Mandane of Media (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Cyrus II the Great, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)+1 | |
Cyrus II the Great, Achaemenid King of Persia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Cambyses I, Ruler of Anshan (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Mandane of Media (?)1 | |
| Death | 540 BC2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Note* | Cyrus II, byname CYRUS THE GREAT (b. 590-580 BC, Media, or Persis--d. c.529, Asia), conqueror who founded the Achaemenid empire, centred onPersia and comprising the Near East from the Aegean Sea to the IndusRiver. He is also remembered in the Cyrus legend--first recorded byXenophon, Greek soldier and author, in his Cyropaedia--as a tolerant andideal monarch who was called father of his people by the ancient Persiansand in the Bible as the liberator of the Jews captive in Babylonia. Cyrus was born between 590 and 580 BC, either in Media or, more probably,in Persis, the modern Fars province of Iran. The meaning of his name isin dispute, for it is not known whether it was a personal name or athrone name given to him when he became a ruler. It is noteworthy thatafter the Achaemenid empire the name does not appear again in sourcesrelating to Iran, which may indicate some special sense of the name.Most scholars agree, however, that Cyrus the Great was at least thesecond of the name to rule in Persia. One cuneiform text in Akkadian--thelanguage of Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) in the pre-Christianera--asserts he was he son of Cambyses, great king, king of Anshan,grandson of Cyrus, great king, king of Anshan, descendant of Teispes,great king, king of Anshan, of a family [which] always [exercised]kingship. The most important source for his life is the Greek historian Herodotus.Herodotus says that the Persians called Cyrus their father, while laterAchaemenid rulers were not so well regarded. The story of the childhoodof Cyrus, as told by Herodotus with echoes in Xenophon and the Greekhistorian Ctesias, may be called a Cyrus legend since it obviouslyfollows a pattern of folk beliefs about the almost superhuman qualitiesof the founder of a dynasty. According to the legend, Astyages, the kingof the Medes and overlord of the Persians, gave his daughter in marriageto his vassal in Persis, a prince called Cambyses. From this marriageCyrus was born. Astyages, having had a dream that the baby would grow upto overthrow him, ordered Cyrus slain. His chief adviser, however,instead gave the baby to a shepherd to raise. When he was 10 years old,Cyrus, because of his outstanding qualities, was discovered by Astyages,who, in spite of the dream, was persuaded to allow the boy to live.Cyrus, when he reached manhood in Persis, revolted against his maternalgrandfather and overlord. Astyages marched against the rebel, but hisarmy deserted him and surrendered to Cyrus in 550 BC. n the Bible (e.g., Ezra 1:1-4), Cyrus is famous for freeing the Jewishcaptives in Babylonia and allowing them to return to their homeland.Cyrus was also tolerant toward the Babylonians and others. He honouredMarduk and conciliated the local population by supporting local customsand even sacrificing to local deities. The capture of Babylon deliverednot only Mesopotamia into the hands of Cyrus but also Syria andPalestine, which had been conquered previously by the Babylonians. Theruler of Cilicia in Asia Minor had become an ally of Cyrus when thelatter marched against Croesus, and Cilicia retained a special status inCyrus' empire. Thus it was by diplomacy as well as force of arms that heestablished the largest empire known until his time. Little is known of the family life of Cyrus. He had two sons, one ofwhom, Cambyses, succeeded him; the other, Bardiya (Smerdis of theGreeks), was probably secretly put to death by Cambyses after he becameruler. Cyrus had at least one daughter, Atossa (who married her brotherCambyses), and possibly two others, but they played no role in history.[Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, CYRUS II]1 | |
| Birth* | 590 - 580 BC, Media, or Persis3,1 | |
| Birth | 570 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | c. 529, Asia3,1 | |
| Marriage* | Neithiyti (?); 546/545 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Neithiyti (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Atossa, Achaemenid Princess of Persia (?)+1 | |
Stratonice I (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Demetrius I Poliorcetes, King of Macedonia (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Phila I (?)1 | |
| Marriage* | Seleucus I Nicator, Seleucid King of Syria (?); 298 BC, Rhosus, Syria2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Antiochus I Soter, Seleucid King of Syria (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Antiochus II Theos, Seleucid King of Syria (?)+1 | |
Laodice III, Princess of Pontus (?)1,2 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Mithradates III, King of Pontus (?)2 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Laodice II, Seleucid Princess of Syria (?)2 | |
| Event-Misc* | F2 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Antiochus III Megas, Seleucid King of Syria (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Laodice (III), Seleucid Queen of Syria (?)+2 | |
| Son-Bio* | Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Seleucid King of Syria (?)+2 | |
| Dau-Bio* | Cleopatra I Syra, Seleucid Queen of Egypt (?)+2 | |
| Son-Bio* | Seleucus IV Philopator, Seleucid King of Syria (?)+2 | |
NN, Princess of Iberia (Georgia) (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Pharnabazes II, King of Iberia (Georgia) (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | NN, Princess of Armenia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | K'art'am, Prince of Kaudjide (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Pharasmenes I, King of Iberia (Georgia) (?)+1 | |
| Son-Bio* | Mithradates I, King of Armenia (?)+1 | |
| ||
K'art'am, Prince of Kaudjide (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Pharnabazes II, King of Iberia (Georgia) (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Death* | 33 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | NN, Princess of Iberia (Georgia) (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Pharasmenes I, King of Iberia (Georgia) (?)+1 | |
| Son-Bio* | Mithradates I, King of Armenia (?)+1 | |
Sahak I the Great, Primate of Armenia (?)1 (M) b. c 0345, d. 07 Sep 0439 Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | 0335 | Narcses I the Great, Primate of Armenia (?)1 |
| Mother-Bio* | Samdukht Mamikonian1 | |
| Note* | Isaac THE GREAT, SAINT, Armenian SAHAK (b. c. 345--d. probably Sept. 7,439, Ashtishat, Armenia; feast days two weeks before Lent and early inJuly), celebrated catholicos, or spiritual head, of the ArmenianApostolic (Orthodox) Church, principal advocate of Armenian cultural andecclesiastical independence and collaborator in the first translation ofthe Bible and varied Christian literature into Armenian. Descended from a family of Armenian patriarchs, Isaac was educated in theHellenistic culture of Asia Minor and at Constantinople. After the deathof his wife, he became a monk and c. 388, with royal support, was namedcatholicos of Armenia. He furthered Armenian monasticism and convertedhis residence into a monastery, integrating his patriarchaladministration with the ascetical life of the monks. A reformer, Isaactightened clerical discipline and enforced celibacy on Armenian bishops.He also established schools and churches and gained Constantinople'srecognition of Armenian patriarchal rights, thus creating a distinctiveand autonomous Armenian form of Christianity free from direct GreekOrthodox control. With the help of his auxiliary bishop, the monk Mesrob(Mashtots), later a saint, Isaac began c. 391 the development of aGreek-inspired Armenian alphabet and literature. The two then directed agroup of scholars in translating the Greek and Syriac versions of theBible into Armenian, completing it c. 435. This linguistic achievementand the formation of an Armenian liturgy and ritual preserved Armenianunity during its partition under Greek and Persian rule. Although he won toleration for the Armenian Church by the Persianoverlords, Isaac was forced to resign his office c. 428 because ofintrigues among the Armenian princes. He resumed the church leadership in432 in response to popular clamour. A semi-legendary 8th-century historyof Armenia Major credits Isaac with writing liturgical texts and music,biblical commentaries on the Old Testament, and a series of letters tothe Byzantine emperor, to Proclus, patriarch of Constantinople, and toother Eastern prelates on the Christological controversy. At the nationalArmenian synod of Ashtishat (435), Isaac promoted the Orthodox doctrineof Christ's personal divinity and denounced the emphasis on his humanityas expressed by Theodore of Mopsuestia. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97,ISAAC, THE GREAT, SAINT]1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c 0345 | 2,1 |
| Birth | 0352 | 3,1 |
| Event-Misc | bt 0387 - 0428 | Prince of the Gregorid domain, Type: Titled3,1 |
| Death* | 07 Sep 0439 | Ashtishat, Armenia2,1 |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Dau-Bio* | Sahakanoysh, Heiress of Georgia (?)+1 | |
Narcses I the Great, Primate of Armenia (?)1 (M) b. 0335, d. 0373 Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | c 0315 | Athenagenes (?)1 |
| Mother-Bio* | 0315 | Bambishu (?)1 |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Name-Var | Nersch I, Primate of Armenia (?)1 | |
| Birth* | 0335 | 2,1 |
| Event-Misc | bt 0355 - 0359 | Prince of the Gregorid domain, Type: Titled2,1 |
| Event-Misc | bt 0367 - 0373 | Prince of the Gregorid domain, Type: Titled2,1 |
| Death* | 0373 | 2,1 |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Samdukht Mamikonian | |
| Son-Bio* | c 0345 | Sahak I the Great, Primate of Armenia (?)+1 |
Samdukht Mamikonian1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Vardan I Mamikonian, Prince of the Mamikonids (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Narcses I the Great, Primate of Armenia (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | c 0345 | Sahak I the Great, Primate of Armenia (?)+1 |
| ||
Vardan I Mamikonian, Prince of the Mamikonids (?)1 (M) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Dau-Bio* | Samdukht Mamikonian+1 | |
| ||
Athenagenes (?)1 (M) b. c 0315 Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | c 0293 | Yusik I, Primate of Armenia (?)1 |
| Mother-Bio* | c 0295 | NN (?)1 |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c 0315 | 1 |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Bambishu (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | 0335 | Narcses I the Great, Primate of Armenia (?)+1 |
| ||
Bambishu (?)1 (F) b. 0315 Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | 0280 | Khosrow III 'Kotak,' King of Armenia (?)1 |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Birth* | 0315 | 2,1 |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Athenagenes (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | 0335 | Narcses I the Great, Primate of Armenia (?)+1 |
Yusik I, Primate of Armenia (?)1 (M) b. c 0293 | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c 0293 | 1 |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | NN (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | c 0315 | Athenagenes (?)+1 |
| ||
NN (?)1 (F) b. c 0295 Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Tiridates III, King of Armenia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Birth* | c 0295 | 1 |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Yusik I, Primate of Armenia (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | c 0315 | Athenagenes (?)+1 |
| ||
For comments or corrections please contact
Compiler:
Benjamin McAlester Brink
Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
This page was created by John Cardinal's Second Site v1.4.7. Site updated on 4 Oct 2003 at 9:13:21 PM BRINK; 15565 people. Copyright 2003 Ben & Janet Brink