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| Mithradates I Kallinikos, King of Commagene (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Samus, King of Commagene (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Pythodorus, Princess of Pont (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | c.100 - c. 70 BC, King of Commagene, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Birth* | 120 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | 63 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Laodice Thea Philadelphos (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Antiochus I Theo Dikaios, King of Commagene (?)+1 | |
Laodice Thea Philadelphos (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Antiochus VIII Philometor, King of Syria (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Cleopatra Tryphaena (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Mithradates I Kallinikos, King of Commagene (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Antiochus I Theo Dikaios, King of Commagene (?)+1 | |
| ||
Samus, King of Commagene (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ptolemy I, Satrap of Commagene (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | c. 130 - 96 BC, King of Commagene, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Birth* | c. 150 BC1 | |
| Death* | c. 96 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Pythodorus, Princess of Pont (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Mithradates I Kallinikos, King of Commagene (?)+1 | |
Pythodorus, Princess of Pont (?)1 (F) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Birth* | 150 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Samus, King of Commagene (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Mithradates I Kallinikos, King of Commagene (?)+1 | |
| ||
Ptolemy I, Satrap of Commagene (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Orontes IV, King of Armenia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | c. 130 BC, Satrap of Commagene, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Revolted and deposed the king of Commagene. [Royalty for Commoners, 3rded., Roderick W, Stuart, Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore, MD, 1998]1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c. 200 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | 163 - 130 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Samus, King of Commagene (?)+1 | |
Orontes IV, King of Armenia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Arsames, King of Armenia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 212 - 200 BC, King of Armenia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Birth* | 235 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | 200 - 189 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Ptolemy I, Satrap of Commagene (?)+1 | |
Arsames, King of Armenia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Samos, King of Armenia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 260 - 228 BC, King of Armenia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Birth* | bef. 260 BC1 | |
| Death* | 228 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Orontes IV, King of Armenia (?)+1 | |
Samos, King of Armenia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Orontes III, King of Armenia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 260 BC, King of Armenia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Birth* | 305 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | c. 260 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Arsames, King of Armenia (?)+1 | |
Orontes III, King of Armenia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Mithranes I, King of Armenia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 317 - 260 BC, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Birth* | 340 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | c. 260 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Samos, King of Armenia (?)+1 | |
Mithranes I, King of Armenia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Orontes II, King of Armenia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 331 - 317 BC, King of Armenia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Satrap of Armenia for Alexander the Great.1 | |
| Name-Var | Mithranes, Governor of Sardis (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 334 BC, Governor of Sardis, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Birth* | c. 370 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | c. 317 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Orontes III, King of Armenia (?)+1 | |
Orontes II, King of Armenia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Orontes I, Satrap of Armenia (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Rodegunde, Princess of Parthia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 331 BC, King of Armenia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 344 - 331 BC, Satrap of Armenia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Led the Armenian auxiliaries of Darius III in the battle of Gaugamela, 1Oct. 331 BC.1 | |
| Birth* | 400 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | 31 October 331 BC [Battle at Gaugamela]2,3,4,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Mithranes I, King of Armenia (?)+1 | |
| ||
Orontes I, Satrap of Armenia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Artasyras, Satrap of Hyrcania (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 401 - 344 BC, Satrap of Armenia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 362 BC, Satrap of Mysia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | 420 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | c. 362 BC2,1 | |
| Marriage* | Rodegunde, Princess of Parthia (?); c. 401 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Rodegunde, Princess of Parthia (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Orontes II, King of Armenia (?)+1 | |
Rodegunde, Princess of Parthia (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Artaxerxes II, King of Parthia (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Strateira (?)1 | |
| Marriage* | Orontes I, Satrap of Armenia (?); c. 401 BC2,1 | |
| Note* | NOTE: Stuart (Royalty for Commoners 3rd ed., 1998) states Rodegunde isthe daughter of Artaxerxes II, King of Parthia, and wife (2) Strateira,his half-sister. However, his cross references point to Artaxerxes II,King of Persia, not Parthia. With Strateira being the daughter ofHydranes III, Satrap of Armenia, and with Artaxerxes II, King of Persia,being the son of Darius II, King of Persia, and Parysatis, hishalf-sister, this seems to rule out Strateira being the half-sister ofArtaxerxes II, King of Persia, in spite of the fact that Stuart says hemarried (1) Strateira, (2) Amestris, (3) Atossa, and (4) Aspasia. Theonly way Strateira could be the half-sister of Artaxerxes II, King ofPersia is if Parysatis, half-sister of Darius II also had a child byHydranes.1 | |
| Birth* | c. 420 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Orontes I, Satrap of Armenia (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Orontes II, King of Armenia (?)+1 | |
Artasyras, Satrap of Hyrcania (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Orontes (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 425 BC, Satrap of Hyrcania, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Orontes I, Satrap of Armenia (?)+1 | |
Orontes (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Hydranes II, Chiliarch of Persia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Artasyras, Satrap of Hyrcania (?)+1 | |
| ||
Hydranes II, Chiliarch of Persia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Hydranes I, 'Chief of the Seven' (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Death* | c. 428 BC1 | |
| Birth* | c. 480 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Orontes (?)+1 | |
| ||
Hydranes I, 'Chief of the Seven' (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Bagabigna (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 531 BC, 'Chief of the Seven', Type: Titled2,1 | |
| Birth* | bef. 531 BC1 | |
| Death* | aft. 531 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Hydranes II, Chiliarch of Persia (?)+1 | |
Bagabigna (?)1 (M) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Hydranes I, 'Chief of the Seven' (?)+1 | |
| ||
Ptolemy VI Philometor, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Cleopatra I Syra, Seleucid Queen of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 180 - 164 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 163 - 145 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt [Memphis] [co-regent with Ptolemy VIII], Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Ptolemy VI PHILOMETOR (Greek: Loving His Mother) (fl. c. 180-145 BC),Macedonian king of Egypt under whom an attempted invasion of Coele Syriaresulted in the occupation of Egypt by the Seleucids. After Romanintervention and several ventures of joint rule with his brother,however, Ptolemy was able to reunite his realm. The son of Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Cleopatra I, Ptolemy VI ruled asco-regent with his mother, who, although a daughter of a Seleucid king,did not take sides in Syria and remained friendly with Rome. Mother andson governed effectively until her death in 176, when Ptolemy fell underthe influence of two ambitious courtiers. Around 173 Ptolemy was marriedto his sister, Cleopatra II. Under his advisers' guidance, preparationswere made to invade Coele Syria. In 170 Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, hisbrother, was associated on the throne with Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II,and Coele Syria was invaded, but the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IVdecisively defeated the Egyptians and seized Pelusium, the Egyptianfrontier city. Antiochus invaded Egypt in 170 and again in 168, butwithdrew under pressure from the Ptolemies' ally, Rome. About October 164Philometor was expelled from Alexandria by his brother and fled to Romefor support. The Romans thereupon partitioned the Ptolemaic realm,ordering Euergetes into Cyrenaica and giving Philometor Cyprus and Egypt. Euergetes, not content with Cyrenaica alone, journeyed to Rome twice toask for Cyprus also. The Senate finally decided to grant the brother'srequest; Philometor, however, delayed the Romans by clever diplomacy andin 154 defeated his brother, who attempted to seize Cyprus by force.Nevertheless Philometor restored his brother to Cyrenaica, married adaughter to him, and granted him a grain subsidy. In Rome, meanwhile, theRoman statesman Cato the Elder, deploring the continuous intrigues,praised Ptolemy VI as a good and beneficent ruler. At last Philometor'skingdom became relatively secure. In 155, however, the Seleucid ruler of Syria had incurred Ptolemy'senmity by conspiring to seize Cyprus. When a pretender, Alexander Balas,appeared, Philometor hastened to aid him in 153, and later even gave hima daughter in marriage. About 148, however, the Egyptian king foundhimself in Syria again when another pretender appeared. When AlexanderBalas failed in his attempt to have Philometor assassinated, the Egyptianruler bestowed his daughter, Balas' wife, on the new pretender. AlthoughPtolemy supported him, the people of Antioch and the Syrian army askedthe Egyptian monarch himself to become their ruler. Ptolemy declined, buthe was soon drawn into a battle in which Alexander Balas was defeated andslain. During the battle Ptolemy fell from his horse and fractured hisskull, dying a few days later. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, PTOLEMYVI PHILOMETOR]1 | |
| Death* | 145 BC [died in battle]3,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | Iwa-en-netjerwy-per Setep-en-ptah-khepri Ir-maat-en-amun-re, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Marriage* | Cleopatra II, Princess of Egypt (?); c. 173 BC3,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Cleopatra II, Princess of Egypt (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Cleopatra Thea (?)+1 | |
| Dau-Bio* | Cleopatra III, Princess of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Cleopatra II, Princess of Egypt (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Cleopatra I Syra, Seleucid Queen of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Marriage* | Ptolemy VI Philometor, Pharaoh of Egypt (?); c. 173 BC2,1 | |
| Name-Var | Cleopatra Philometor Soteira (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | Cleopatra Philometor Soteira, Type: Throne Name3,1 | |
| Death* | aft. 128 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Ptolemy VI Philometor, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Cleopatra Thea (?)+1 | |
| Dau-Bio* | Cleopatra III, Princess of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Cleopatra I Syra, Seleucid Queen of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 145 - 116 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 163 - 145 BC, King of Cyrenaica [Libya], Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| Note* | Ptolemy VIII EUERGETES II (Greek: 'Benefactor II'), also called PHYSCON(Greek: 'Potbellied') (d. 116 BC), Macedonian king of Egypt who played adivisive role in trying to win the kingship, making himself subservientto Rome and encouraging Roman interference in Egypt. Ptolemy VIII ruled jointly with his brother, Ptolemy VI Philometor, in170-164 BC and alone during the next year; he was king of Cyrenaica (inmodern Libya) in 163-145, and sole ruler of Egypt from 145 to his deathin 116, except for a brief exile in 131-129. Continuously quarreling withhis queen, Cleopatra II, the widow of Philometor, he caused civil war andeconomic collapse in Egypt. Late in his reign (118) he institutedextensive reforms to restore the country. Around 117 an expedition sponsored by Ptolemy completed the first seavoyage to India via the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, beginning Egypt'sinterest in the spice trade. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, PTOLEMYVIII EUERGETES II] ---------- Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, repulsive and nicknamed 'physon' [potbelly],was captivated by his niece, also Cleopatra, the daughter of hissister-wife Cleopatra. The niece agreed to the liaison so long as shecould also become queen -- so mother and daughter, sister and niece ofEuergetes, became joint queens as Cleopatra II and III...The former wasmuch beloved by the people since her late husband Ptolemy VI's reign wassuch a shining example and memory compared to their present situation.Public resentment against Ptolemy VIII grew to such a point that he fledto Cyprus, taking the younger Cleopatra (III), their two children and theyoung boy Memphites (his son by Cleopatra II) with him. His flight wasnot a moment too soon, for the mob broke into the palace seeking hisblood. In Cyprus, Euergetes plotted his return to Egypt where his sister,Cleopatra II, reigned as Cleopatra Philometor Soteira. In a fit ofmaniacal revenge against his sister and the Alexandrian mob which hadbeen busy destroying his statues and memories of him, he murderedMemphites, his own son by Cleopatra II, and sent the child's dismemberedbody to her as a present on her birthday. In 129, now strong enough to invade Egypt, Euergetes returned from Cyprusand in 128 Cleopatra II fled for protection to her daughter, CleopatraThea, now married to Demetrius II of Syria. Strangely, she was to returnto Egypt, and Euergetes survived until 116. What happened to hissister-wife Cleopatra II after her return is not known, but shepresumably predeceased him as her daughter, Cleopatra III, inheritedEgypt by Euergetes' will. [Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Peter A. Clayton,Thames and Hudson Ltd., London, 1994]1 | |
| Death* | 116 BC3,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 170 - 164 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt [Alexandria] [co-regent with Ptolemy VI], Type: Reigned3,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Cleopatra III, Princess of Egypt (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Cleopatra Tryphaena (?)+1 | |
Cleopatra Thea (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ptolemy VI Philometor, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Cleopatra II, Princess of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Marriage* | Demetrius II Nicator, Seleucid King of Syria (?); c. 145 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Demetrius II Nicator, Seleucid King of Syria (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Antiochus VIII Philometor, King of Syria (?)+1 | |
Demetrius II Nicator, Seleucid King of Syria (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Demetrius I Soter, Seleucid King of Syria (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 145 - 139 BC, King of Syria, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 129 - 125 BC, King of Syria, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Demetrius II Nicator (Greek: 'Victor') (b. 161 BC--d. 125), king of Syriafrom 145 to 139 and from 129 to 125 BC. The son of King Demetrius I Soter, he went into exile when his father waskilled fighting the usurper Alexander Balas in 150. Demetrius returned toSyria (147) with an army of Cretan mercenaries, deposed Balas in 145, andinstalled himself on the throne. In 140 he drove back a Parthian invasionbut was defeated and captured by the Parthians in 139. Demetrius wasreleased from captivity in 129 and returned to Syria, but, during hissecond reign, he controlled only part of the kingdom. He was assassinatedabout four years later. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD ;97, DEMETRIUS IINICATOR]1 | |
| Birth* | 161 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | 125 BC [assassinated]2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Marriage* | Cleopatra Thea (?); c. 145 BC3,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Cleopatra Thea (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Antiochus VIII Philometor, King of Syria (?)+1 | |
Cleopatra III, Princess of Egypt (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ptolemy VI Philometor, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Cleopatra II, Princess of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Dau-Bio* | Cleopatra Tryphaena (?)+1 | |
| ||
Ptolemy IV Philopator, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ptolemy III Euergetes, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Berenice II, Princess of Cyrene [Libya] (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 221 - 205 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Iwa-en-netjerwy-menkhwy Setep-ptah User-ka-re Sekhem-ankh-amun, Type: Throne Name3,1 | |
| Note* | Ptolemy IV PHILOPATOR (Greek: Loving His Father) (b. c. 238 BC-d. 205BC), Macedonian king of Egypt (reigned 221-205 BC), under whose feeblerule, heavily influenced by favourites, much of Ptolemaic Syria was lostand native uprisings began to disturb the internal stability of Egypt. Classical writers depict Ptolemy as a drunken, debauched reveller,completely under the influence of his disreputable associates, among whomSosibius was the most prominent. At their instigation, Ptolemy arrangedthe murder of his mother, uncle, and brother. [Acting on a wild rumourthat Sosibius may well have started, Ptolemy agreed to have his motherBerenice and his brother Magus respectively poisoned and scalded to deathwithin a year of his succesion. [Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Peter A.Clayton, Thames and Hudson, Ltd., London, 1994, p. 211]] Following the defection of one of Ptolemy's best commanders, Egypt'sSyro-Palestinian territory, Coele Syria, was seriously threatened byAntiochus III, the Syrian Seleucid ruler. In 219, when the Seleucid rulercaptured some of the coastal cities, Sosibius and the Ptolemaic courtentered into delaying negotiations with the enemy, while the Ptolemaicarmy was reorganized and intensively drilled. So grave was the threatthat for the first time under the Ptolemaic regime native Egyptians wereenrolled into the infantry and cavalry and trained in phalanx tactics. In218 the negotiations collapsed, and Antiochus renewed his advance,overrunning Ptolemy's forward defenses. In the spring of 217, however,Ptolemy's new army met the Seleucid forces near Raphia in southernPalestine, and with the help of the Egyptian phalanx Ptolemy wasvictorious. Although holding the initiative, the Egyptian king, onSosibius' advice, negotiated a peace, and the Seleucid army withdrew fromCoele Syria. After Raphia, Ptolemy married his sister, Arsinoe, who bore him asuccessor in 210. The Egyptians, however, sensing their power, rose in arebellion that Polybius, the Greek historian, describes as guerrillawarfare. By 205 the revolt had spread to Upper Egypt. To the south, Ptolemy maintained peaceful relations with the neighbouringkingdom. In the Aegean, he retained a number of islands, but, in spite ofhonours granted him, he refused to become embroiled in the wars of theGreek states. In Syria, also, Ptolemy avoided involvement in localstruggles, though Sosibius attempted to embroil Egypt there. According toPolybius, Ptolemy's debauched and corrupt character, rather than hisdiplomatic acumen, kept him clear of foreign involvements. As his reignprogressed he fell increasingly under the influence of his favourites,and around November 205 he died. His clique of favourites kept Ptolemy'sdeath a secret, and about a year later murdered Queen Arsinoe, leavingthe young successor at their mercy. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97,PTOLEMY IV PHILOPATOR]1 | |
| Birth* | c. 238 BC2,1 | |
| Death* | 205 BC2,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Marriage* | Arsinoė III, Queen of Egypt (?); 217 BC4,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Arsinoė III, Queen of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Arsinoė III, Queen of Egypt (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ptolemy III Euergetes, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Berenice II, Princess of Cyrene [Libya] (?)1 | |
| Marriage* | Ptolemy IV Philopator, Pharaoh of Egypt (?); 217 BC2,1 | |
| Note* | Arsinoe III (b. c. 235--d. c. 204 BC), daughter of Queen Berenice II andPtolemy III Euergetes of Egypt, sister and wife of Ptolemy IVPhilopator. Powerless to arrest the decline of the Ptolemaic kingdomunder her debauched husband's rule, the popular queen was eventuallymurdered by the royal ministers. In 217 Arsinoe accompanied her brother to Raphia in Palestine, reputedlyencouraging the Egyptian troops before their victorious encounter withthe army of the Middle Eastern Seleucid kingdom. Married to Ptolemy afterthe battle, she gave birth to the future Ptolemy V Epiphanes about 210.Thereafter she was sequestered in the palace, while Ptolemy's depravedmale and female favourites ruined both king and government. AlthoughArsinoe apparently disapproved of the sordid state of the court, she wasunable to exert any influence. Ptolemy IV Philopator died in 205, and hisministers, fearing retribution from Arsinoe, arranged her murder about ayear later. Neither the king's nor the queen's death was announced untilthe child Ptolemy had been enthroned. Arsinoe had attained somepopularity, and rioting followed the news of her assassination.[Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, ARSINOE III]1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Birth* | c. 235 BC3,1 | |
| Death* | c. 204 BC3,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Ptolemy IV Philopator, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ptolemy V Epiphanes, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Ptolemy III Euergetes, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Arsinoė I, Princess of Thrace (?)1 | |
| Father-Bio | Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 246 - 222 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Iwa-en-netjerwy-senwy Sekhem-ankh-re Setep-amun, Type: Throne Name3,1 | |
| Note* | Ptolemy III Euergetes...succeeded to the throne at the age of 30.[Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Peter A. Clayton, Thames and Hudson, Ltd.,London, 1994, p. 210] ---------- Ptolemy III EUERGETES (Greek: Benefactor) (fl. 246-221 BC), Macedonianking of Egypt, son of Ptolemy II; he reunited Egypt and Cyrenaica andsuccessfully waged the Third Syrian War against the Seleucid kingdom. Almost nothing is known of Ptolemy's youth before 245, when, following along engagement, he married Berenice II, the daughter of Magas, king ofCyrene; thereby he reunited Egypt and Cyrenaica, which had been dividedsince 258. Shortly after his accession and marriage, Ptolemy invadedCoele Syria, to avenge the murder of his sister, the widow of theSeleucid king Antiochus II. Ptolemy's navy, perhaps aided by rebels inthe cities, advanced against Seleucus II's forces as far as Thrace,across the Hellespont, and also captured some islands off the Asia Minorcoast, but were checked c. 245. Meanwhile, Ptolemy, with the army,penetrated deep into Mesopotamia, reaching at least Seleucia on theTigris, near Babylon. According to classical sources he was compelled tohalt his advance because of domestic troubles. Famine and a low Nile, aswell as the hostile alliance between Macedonia, Seleucid Syria, andRhodes, were perhaps additional reasons. The war in Asia Minor and theAegean intensified as the Achaean League, one of the Greekconfederations, allied itself to Egypt, while Seleucus II secured twoallies in the Black Sea region. Ptolemy was pushed out of Mesopotamia andpart of North Syria in 242-241, and the next year peace was finallyachieved. Ptolemy managed to keep the Orontes River region and Antioch,both in Syria; Ephesus, in Asia Minor; and Thrace and perhaps alsoCilicia. Within Egypt, Ptolemy continued the colonization of al-Fayyum (theoasis-like depression southwest of Cairo), which his father haddeveloped. He also reformed the calendar, adopting 311 as the first yearof a 'Ptolemaic Era.' The Canopus decree, a declaration published by asynod of Egyptian priests, suggests that the true duration of the year(365 1/4 days) was now recognized, for an extra day was added to thecalendar every four years. The new calendar failed, however, to achievepopular acceptance. The priests and classical sources also creditedPtolemy with the restoration of the divine statues plundered from thetemples during Persian rule. In addition, the King initiated constructionat Edfu, the Upper Egyptian site of a great Ptolemaic temple, and madedonations to other temples. Ptolemy avoided involvement in the wars that continued to plague Syriaand Macedonia. He did, however, send aid to Rhodes, after earthquakesdevastated the island, but he refrained from subsidizing the schemes ofthe Spartan king against Macedonia, though he granted him asylum in 222.In Asia Minor, when a pretender to one of the kingdoms, who was theinstigator of much of the trouble there, sought asylum in Ptolemaicterritory, Ptolemy promptly interned him. His policy was to maintain anequilibrium of power, guaranteeing the safety of his own territory. Afterdeclaring his son his successor, Ptolemy died, leaving Egypt at the peakof its political power, and internally stable and prosperous.[Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, PTOLEMY III EUERGETES]1 | |
| Birth* | c. 276 BC4,1 | |
| Death* | c. 222 BC5,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Marriage* | Berenice II, Princess of Cyrene [Libya] (?); 245 BC6,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Berenice II, Princess of Cyrene [Libya] (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ptolemy IV Philopator, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
| Dau-Bio* | Arsinoė III, Queen of Egypt (?)+1 | |
| ||
Berenice II, Princess of Cyrene [Libya] (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Magas, King of Cyrene [Libya] (?)1 | |
| Marriage* | Ptolemy III Euergetes, Pharaoh of Egypt (?); 245 BC2,1 | |
| Note* | Berenice II (b. c. 269--d. 221 BC), daughter of Magas, king of Cyrene (inmodern Libya), whose marriage to Ptolemy III Euergetes reunited hercountry with Egypt. Magas' queen, who favoured an alliance with the Seleucid dynasty ofSyria, tried to thwart the marriage by summoning Demetrius the Fair, aMacedonian prince, as a husband for Berenice. The princess, however,arranged Demetrius' murder and married Ptolemy about 245. When Ptolemyset forth to avenge the murder of his sister (the widow of Antiochus II)in Syria, Berenice dedicated a lock of her hair for his safe return.According to the court astronomer, it was transferred to heaven, where itformed a new constellation that was consequently named Coma Berenices,'Hair of Berenice.' Berenice and Ptolemy had four children: the futurePtolemy IV Philopator, Arsinoe III, Magas, and Berenice, who died as achild. The queen survived her husband, but her son Ptolemy IV linked herto a plot with her father, Magas, and had her poisoned. [EncyclopędiaBritannica CD '97, BERENICE II]1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Birth* | c. 269 BC3,1 | |
| Death* | 221 BC3,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Ptolemy III Euergetes, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ptolemy IV Philopator, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
| Dau-Bio* | Arsinoė III, Queen of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Magas, King of Cyrene [Libya] (?)1 (M) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Death* | c. 250 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Dau-Bio* | Berenice II, Princess of Cyrene [Libya] (?)+1 | |
Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Ptolemy I Soter, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Berenice I, Queen of Egypt (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | User-ka-en-ra Mery-amun, Type: Throne Name2,1 | |
| Note* | Ptolemy II PHILADELPHUS (Greek: Brother-loving) (b. 308 BC, Cos--d. 246),king of Egypt (285-246 BC), second king of the Ptolemaic dynasty, whoextended his power by skillful diplomacy, developed agriculture andcommerce, and made Alexandria a leading centre of the arts and sciences. Life Reigning at first with his father, Ptolemy I Soter, he became sole rulerin 283-282 and purged his family of possible rivals. This dynastic strifeled also to the banishment of his first wife, Arsinoe I, daughter of KingLysimachus of Thrace. Ptolemy then married his sister, Arsinoe II, anevent that shocked Greek public opinion but was celebrated by theAlexandrian court poets. Taking advantage of the difficulties of therival kingdoms of the Seleucids and Antigonids, Ptolemy II extended hisrule in Syria, Asia Minor, and the Aegean at their expense and assertedat the same time his influence in Ethiopia and Arabia. Egyptian embassiesto Rome as well as to India reflect the wide range of Ptolemy's politicaland commercial interests. While a new war with the Seleucids (from 274 to 270) did not affect thebasic position of the rival kingdoms, the so-called Chremonidean War(268?-261), stirred up by Ptolemy against Antigonus II Gonatas, king ofMacedonia, resulted in the weakening of Ptolemaic influence in the Aegeanand brought about near disaster to Ptolemy's allies Athens and Sparta.Ptolemy was no more successful in the Second Syrian War (c. 260-253),fought against the coalition of the Seleucid king Antiochus II andAntigonus Gonatas. The unsuccessful course of the military operations wascompensated for, to a certain degree, by the diplomatic skill of Ptolemy,who first managed to lure Antigonus into concluding a separate peace(255) and then brought the war with the Seleucid Empire to an end bymarrying his daughter, Berenice--provided with a huge dowry--to his foeAntiochus II. The magnitude of this political masterstroke can be gaugedby the fact that Antiochus, before marrying the Ptolemaic princess, hadto dismiss his former wife, Laodice. Thus freed for the moment fromSeleucid opposition and sustained by the considerable financial meansprovided by the Egyptian economy, Ptolemy II devoted himself again toGreece and aroused new adversaries to Antigonid Macedonia. While theMacedonian forces were bogged down in Greece, Ptolemy reasserted hisinfluence in the Aegean, making good the setback suffered during theChremonidean War. He further improved his position by arranging for themarriage of his son (and later successor) Ptolemy III Euergetes to thedaughter of King Magas of Cyrene, who had proved so far a verytroublesome neighbour. Not aiming at outright hegemony (even lessimperialistic conquest) in the Hellenistic world of the easternMediterranean, Ptolemy II tried nonetheless to secure for Egypt as good aposition as possible, holding at large his rivals beyond a wide bufferzone of foreign possessions. Without being completely successful, hemanaged to let his allies bear the brunt of the heaviest reverses,healing his own military wounds with diplomatic remedies. The influenceon Ptolemy of his wife and sister Arsinoe II, particularly in foreignaffairs, was certainly substantial, though not as extensive as claimed bysome contemporary authors. Influence. Ptolemy II's record in domestic affairs is no less impressive. Frompharaonic times onward, agriculture and the work of artisans in Egypt hadbeen highly organized. Under Ptolemy's supervision and with the help ofGreek administrators, this system developed into a kind of plannedeconomy. The peasant masses of the Nile Valley provided cheap labour, sothat the introduction of slavery on a broad basis was never considered aneconomic necessity in Ptolemaic Egypt. Ptolemy II became a master at thefiscal exploitation of the Egyptian countryside; the capital, Alexandria,served as the main trading and export centre. Ptolemy II displayed avivid interest in Greek as well as in Egyptian religion, paid visits tothe sanctuaries in the countryside, and spent large sums erectingtemples. Anxious to secure a solid position for, and religious elevationof, his dynasty, the King insisted upon divine honours not only for hisparents but also for his sister and wife Arsinoe II and himself as theoiadelphoi ('brother gods'). He thus became one of the most ardentpromoters of the Hellenistic ruler cult, which in turn was to have afar-reaching influence on the cult of the Roman emperors. Under Ptolemy II, Alexandria also played a leading role in arts andscience. Throughout the whole Mediterranean world the King acquired areputation for being a generous patron of poets and scholars. Surroundinghimself with a host of court poets, such as Callimachus and Theocritus,he expanded the library and financed the museum, a research centrefounded as a counterweight to the more antimonarchial Athenian schools.Learning there was not confined to philosophy and literature but extendedalso to include mathematics and natural sciences. The age of Ptolemy IIcoincided with the apex of Hellenistic civilization; its vigour andglamour were a result of the still fresh forces of Greek leadership inthe eastern Mediterranean. Ptolemy II was no man of peace, but neitherwas he one of the warlike Hellenistic soldier-kings. A prudent andenlightened ruler, he found his strength in diplomatic ability and hissatisfaction in a vast curiosity of mind. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD'97, PTOLEMY II PHILADELPHUS]1 | |
| Marriage* | c. 277 BC3,1 | |
| Event-Misc | 285 - 246 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned4,1 | |
| Birth* | 308 BC, Island of Cos [Kos, Greece]1 | |
| Death* | 246 BC4,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Marriage* | Arsinoė I, Princess of Thrace (?); c. 282 BC5,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Arsinoė I, Princess of Thrace (?) | |
| Son-Bio | Ptolemy III Euergetes, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
| Son-Bio* | Ptolemy III Euergetes, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
| ||
Arsinoė I, Princess of Thrace (?)1 (F) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Lysimachus, King of Thrace (?)1 | |
| Marriage* | Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Pharaoh of Egypt (?); c. 282 BC2,1 | |
| Note* | Arsinoe I (fl. early 3rd century BC), queen of Egypt, daughter ofLysimachus, king of Thrace, and first wife of Ptolemy II Philadelphus.Although she bore Ptolemy three children, including his successor, shewas unable to prevent him from repudiating her and marrying his sister,Arsinoe II. Arsinoe I was married to Ptolemy about 282 as part of the alliancebetween Thrace and Egypt against Seleucus I Nicator of Syria. Three yearslater, Philadelphus' ambitious sister arrived in Egypt, and, probably ather instigation, charges of conspiring to assassinate Ptolemy were soonbrought against Arsinoe. She was banished to Coptos, a city of UpperEgypt near the Wadi Hammamat, while her rival married Ptolemy and adoptedher children. Arsinoe survived at Coptos, where a stela referring to herhas been found; on it she is called king's wife, but her name is notenclosed in the royal cartouche (an oval figure on monuments enclosing asovereign's name), as is customary for a queen. [Encyclopędia BritannicaCD '97, ARSINOE I]1 | |
| Event-Misc* | F1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ptolemy III Euergetes, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Lysimachus, King of Thrace (?)1 (M) | ||
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Death* | 281 BC2,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Dau-Bio* | Arsinoė I, Princess of Thrace (?)+1 | |
Ptolemy I Soter, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Lagus, A Macedonian Noble (?)1 | |
| Mother-Bio* | Arsinoe (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 305 - 282 BC, Pharaoh of Egypt, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Event-Misc | Mery-amun Setep-en-re, Type: Throne Name3,1 | |
| Note* | Ptolemy I SOTER (Greek: Saviour) (b. 367/366 or 364 BC, Macedonia--d.283/282, Egypt), Macedonian general of Alexander the Great, who becameruler of Egypt (323-285 BC) and founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty, whichreigned longer than any other dynasty established on the soil of theAlexandrian empire and only succumbed to the Romans in 30 BC. Early life and career. Ptolemy was the son of the nobleman Lagus, a native of the Macedoniandistrict of Eordaea whose family was undistinguished until Ptolemy'stime, and of Arsinoe, who was related to the Macedonian Argead dynasty.He was probably educated as a page at the royal court of Macedonia, wherehe became closely associated with Alexander. He was exiled in 337, alongwith other companions of the crown prince. When he returned, afterAlexander's accession to the throne in 336, he joined the King'sbodyguard, took part in Alexander's European campaigns of 336-335, and inthe fall of 330 was appointed personal bodyguard (somatophylax) toAlexander; in this capacity he captured the assassin of Darius III, thePersian emperor, in 329. He was closely associated with Alexander duringthe advance through the Persian highland. As a result of Ptolemy'ssuccessful military performance on the way from Bactria (in northeasternAfghanistan) to the Indus River (327-325), he became commander(trierarchos) of the Macedonian fleet on the Hydaspes (modern Jhelum inIndia). Alexander decorated him several times for his deeds and marriedhim to the Persian Artacama at the mass wedding at Susa, the Persiancapital, which was the crowning event of Alexander's policy of mergingthe Macedonian and Iranian populations. Satrap of Egypt. Ptolemy, who distinguished himself as a cautious and trustworthy troopcommander under Alexander, also proved to be a politician of unusualdiplomatic and strategic ability in the long series of struggles over thethrone that broke out after Alexander's death in 323. Convinced from theoutset that the generals could not maintain the unity of Alexander'sempire, he proposed during the council at Babylon, which followedAlexander's death, that the satrapies (the provinces of the huge empire)be divided among the generals. He became satrap of Egypt, with theadjacent Libyan and Arabian regions, and methodically took advantage ofthe geographic isolation of the Nile territory to make it a greatHellenistic power. He took steps to improve internal administration andto acquire several external possessions in Cyrenaica (the easternmostpart of Libya), Cyprus, and Syria and on the coast of Asia Minor; these,he hoped, would guarantee him military security. Although he pursued afriendly policy toward Greece that secured his political influence there,he also succeeded in winning over the native Egyptian population. In 322 Ptolemy, taking advantage of internal disturbances, acquired theAfrican Hellenic towns of Cyrenaica. In 322-321, as a member of acoalition of 'successors' (diadochoi) of Alexander, he fought againstPerdiccas, the ruler (chiliarchos) of the Asiatic region of the empire.The coalition was victorious and Perdiccas died during the fighting.Ptolemy's diplomatic talent was put to the test during this war. When thesatrapies were redistributed at Triparadisus in northern Syria,Antipater, the general of the European region, became regent of theMacedonian empire and Ptolemy was confirmed in possession of Egypt andCyrene. He further strengthened his position by marrying Eurydice, thethird daughter of Antipater. About 317 he married Berenice I, the granddaughter of Cassander, the sonof Antipater. Cassander, at his father's death in 319, refused to accepthis father's successor, made war upon him, seized part of the empire, andin 305 assumed the title of king of Macedonia. In the coalition war of315-311, Ptolemy obtained possession of Cyprus. In this war he scored hismost important victory in the battle near Gaza in 312, in which theEgyptian contingents were decisive. But war broke out anew in 310, and helost Cyprus again in 306. He temporarily lost Cyrene as well and wasunable to hold the important Greek positions of Corinth and neighbouringSicyon and Megara, which he had captured in 308. He ultimately sufferedoverwhelming defeat in 306 in the naval battle near Salamis on Cyprus.The victor in this battle, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, who was assisted byhis son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, assumed the title of king in 306. Theremaining satraps, led by Ptolemy after he successfully resistedAntigonus' attack on Egypt, also took the title of king in 305-304. King of Egypt. After naming himself king, Ptolemy's first concern was the continuing warwith Antigonus, which was now focussed on the island of Rhodes. In 304Ptolemy aided the inhabitants of Rhodes against Antigonus and wasaccorded the divine title Soter (Saviour), which he was commonly calledfrom that time. The dissolution of Alexander's empire was brought to aclose with the battle near Ipsus in Asia Minor in 301. During this battleAntigonus was defeated by the other kings. This led to the attempt by theremaining successors of Alexander to define their kingdoms. For thisreason a dispute arose between Ptolemy and Seleucus I Nicator of Babylonover Syria, particularly the southern Syrian ports, which served asterminal points for the caravan routes. This quarrel, however, wastemporarily settled peacefully through compromise. In addition to CoeleSyria (Palestine), Ptolemy apparently also occupied Pamphylia, Lycia, andpart of Pisidia in southern Asia Minor. During the last 15 years of his reign, because of the defeats he sufferedbetween 308 and 306, Ptolemy preferred to secure and expand his empirethrough a policy of alliances and marriages rather than through warfare.In 300 he concluded an alliance with Lysimachus of Thrace (modernBulgaria) and gave him his daughter Arsinoe II in marriage in 299/298. Atapproximately the same time he married his stepdaughter Theoxena toAgathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse (southeastern Sicily). About 296 hemade peace with Demetrius Poliorcetes, to whom he betrothed his daughterPtolemais. To Pyrrhus of Epirus, Demetrius' brother-in-law, who was atthe Egyptian court as a hostage, he gave his stepdaughter Antigone. Hefinally brought rebellious Cyrene into subjection in 298, and inapproximately 294 he gained control over Cyprus and the Phoeniciancoastal towns of Tyre and Sidon. In a last coalition war in 288-286, in which Ptolemy, Seleucus,Lysimachus, and Pyrrhus opposed Demetrius, the Egyptian fleetparticipated decisively in the liberation of Athens from Macedonianoccupation. During this war Ptolemy obtained the protectorate over theLeague of Islanders, which was established by Antigonus Monophthalmus in315 and included most of the Greek islands in the Aegean. Egypt'smaritime supremacy in the Mediterranean in the ensuing decades was basedon this alliance. Ptolemy was able to evaluate the chaotic international situation of thispost-Alexandrian era, which was characterized by constantly renewed warswith shifting alliances and coalitions, in realistic political terms.Adhering to a basically defensive foreign policy, he secured Egyptagainst external enemies and expanded it by means of directly controlledforeign possessions and hegemonic administrations. He did not, however,neglect to devote attention to the internal organization of the countryand to provide for a successor. In 290 he made his wife Berenice queen ofEgypt and in 285 (possibly on June 26) appointed his younger son PtolemyII Philadelphus, who was born to Berenice in 308, co-regent andsuccessor. The provision for the succession, which was based on examplesfrom the time of the pharaohs, made possible a peaceful transition whenPtolemy died in the winter of 283-282. The early Ptolemies were occupiedwith the economic exploitation of Egypt, but, because of the lack offirst-hand information, the details of Ptolemy's participation in theprocess cannot be determined. It is certain, however, that discriminationagainst the Egyptians took place during his reign. The only town hefounded was Ptolemais in Upper Egypt. He probably placed Macedonianmilitary commanders alongside the Egyptian provincial administrators andintervened unobtrusively in legal and financial affairs. In order toregulate the latter, he introduced coinage, which until that time wasunknown in Egypt. He found it necessary from the outset, however, to pursue a conciliatorypolicy toward the Egyptians, since Egyptians had to be recruited for hisarmy, which initially numbered only 4,000 men. Ptolemy won over theEgyptians through the establishment in Memphis of the Sarapis cult, whichfused the Egyptian and Greek religions; through restoration of thetemples of the pharaohs, which had been destroyed by the Persians; andthrough gifts to the ancient Egyptian gods and patronage of the Egyptiannobility and priesthood. Finally, he founded the Museum (Mouseion), acommon workplace for scholars and artists, and established the famouslibrary at Alexandria. Besides being a patron of the arts and sciences,he was a writer himself. In the last few years of his life Ptolemy wrotea generally reliable history of Alexander's campaigns. Although it is nowlost, it can be largely reconstructed through the extensive use made ofit later by the historian Arrian. Several times during his life Ptolemy was proclaimed a deity by certainclasses of people. After his death he was raised to the level of a god byall the Egyptians. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, PTOLEMY I SOTER]1 | |
| Birth* | 367/366 or364 BC, Macedonia4,1 | |
| Death* | 283/282 BC, Egypt4,1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Marriage* | Berenice I, Queen of Egypt (?); c. 317 BC5,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Berenice I, Queen of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
Berenice I, Queen of Egypt (?)1,2 (F) | ||
| Marriage* | Ptolemy I Soter, Pharaoh of Egypt (?); c. 317 BC3,2 | |
| Event-Misc | 290 BC, Queen of Egypt, Type: Appointed3,2 | |
| Note* | Berenice I (fl. c. 317-c. 275 BC), queen of Egypt, third wife of PtolemyI Soter, and mother of Arsinoe II and Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Berenice arrived in Egypt in the retinue of Eurydice, Ptolemy's secondqueen, whom he married as part of a political agreement with her father,Antipater of Macedonia. About 317 Ptolemy married Berenice. Probablybecause she was not of royal blood, a genealogy was fabricated to makeher a half sister of the king. In 308 Berenice gave birth to Ptolemy IIPhiladelphus, and in 290 Ptolemy made her queen of Egypt. In 285 PtolemyII was made coregent and successor to his father, bypassing Eurydice'schildren. Ptolemy II's second wife was his sister Arsinoe II, also thechild of Berenice. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, BERENICE I] ---------- Berenice, daughter of Lagus, [was the] wife of an obscure Macedoniansolider and subsequently of Ptolemy Soter, with whose bride, Eurydice,she came to Egypt as a lady in waiting. Her son, Ptolemy Philadelphus,was recognized as heir over the heads of Eurydice's children. So greatwas her ability and her influence that Pyrrhus of Epirus gave the nameBerenicis to a new city. Her son Philadelphus decreed divine honours toher on her death. [Encyclopędia Britannica, 1961 ed., Vol. 3, BERENICE] ---------- NOTE: Encyclopędia Britannica, 1961 ed., Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97,and Chronicle of the Pharaohs by Peter A. Clayton [Thames and Hudson,Ltd., London, 1994], all give Berenice I as the mother of Ptolemy IIPhiladelphus and his sister/wife, Arsinoe II Philadelphus. However,Roderick W. Stuart, Royalty for Commoners, 3rd ed., [GenealogicalPublishing Co., Baltimore, MD, 1998], gives Eurydice, daughter ofAntipater, regent of Macedonia, as their mother. I prefer put my trust inBritannica and Clayton, especially since Stuart makes Berenice out to bethe half sister of Ptolemy I Soter (see first reference above).2 | |
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor2 | |
| Birth* | bef. 317 BC3,2 | |
| Death* | c. 275 BC3,2 | |
| Event-Misc* | F2 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Ptolemy I Soter, Pharaoh of Egypt (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+2 | |
Lagus, A Macedonian Noble (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Meleagros (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c. 395 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Arsinoe (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ptolemy I Soter, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+1 | |
| ||
Arsinoe (?)1,2 (F) | ||
| Note* | NOTE: Encyclopędia Britannica, 1961 ed., and Chronicle of the Pharaohs(Peter A. Clayton, Thames and Hudson, Ltd, London, 1994) give no name forthe mother of Ptolemy I, stating only that he was the son of Lagus, aMacedonian noble. Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, however, gives Arsinoeas his mother. Roderick W. Stuart (Royalty for Commoners, 3rd ed.,Genealogical Publishing Co., Baltimore, MD, 1998) gives Antigona[daughter of Kassandros [Cassander]],who married Lagos (Lagus), father ofPtolemy, as the mother of Ptolemy I. If Stuart is right, this would meanthat Antigona would have been either the sister or half-sister ofPtolemy, and this would have been repugnant to the Greeks prior toPtolemy becoming Pharaoh of Egypt in 306 BC. As it is known that Ptolemyhad a genealogy created for Berenice to make her more acceptable to theEgyptians, I think one was also perhaps created for Antigona and this iswhere Stuart goes astray, irrespective of the fact that he cites thirteensources for Line 428 (Kassandros through Berenice II who m. Ptolemy IIIEuergetes. In most instances, I have found Stuart's information to becorrect, but in this case I pefer to put my trust in the informationfound on Encyclopędia Britannica's 1997 CD.2 | |
| Event-Misc | X, Type: Progenitor2 | |
| Event-Misc* | F2 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | Lagus, A Macedonian Noble (?) | |
| Son-Bio* | Ptolemy I Soter, Pharaoh of Egypt (?)+2 | |
Meleagros (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Balacrus (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c. 425 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Lagus, A Macedonian Noble (?)+1 | |
| ||
Balacrus (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Amyntas, Sovereign of Persia (?)1 | |
| Note* | In the autumn of 332 BC Alexander the Great invaded Egypt with his mixedarmy of Macedonians and Greeks and found the Egyptians ready to throw offthe oppressive control of the hated Persians. Alexander was welcomed bythe Egyptians as a liberator and took the country without a battle. Hejourneyed to Siwa Oasis in the Western Desert to visit the Oracle ofAmon, renowned in the Greek world; it disclosed the information thatAlexander was the son of Amon. There may also have been a coronation atthe Egyptian capital, Memphis, which, if it occurred, would have placedhim firmly in the tradition of the pharaohs; the same purpose may be seenin the later dissemination of the romantic myth that gave him an Egyptianparentage by linking his mother, Olympias, with the last pharaoh,Nectanebo II. Alexander left Egypt in the spring of 331 BC, dividing the militarycommand between Balacrus, son of Amyntas, and Peucestas, son ofMakartatos. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, EGYPT: HISTORY: THEMACEDONIAN CONQUEST]1 | |
| Name-Var | Balakros (?)1 | |
| Birth* | c. 360 BC1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Meleagros (?)+1 | |
| ||
Amyntas, Sovereign of Persia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Alexander I Philhellene, King of Macedonia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | bef. 400 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Balacrus (?)+1 | |
| ||
Alexander I Philhellene, King of Macedonia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Amyntas I, King of Macedonia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | c. 495 - 450 BC, King of Macedonia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Alexander I, byname ALEXANDER PHILHELLENE, or ALEXANDER THE WEALTHY (d.c. 450 BC), 10th king of ancient Macedonia, who succeeded his father,Amyntas I, about 500 BC. More than a decade earlier, Macedonia had becomea vassal state of Persia; and in 480 Alexander was obliged to accompanyXerxes I in a campaign through Greece, though he secretly aided the Greekallies. With Xerxes' apparent acquiescence, Alexander seized the Greekcolony of Pydna and advanced his frontiers eastward to the Strymon,taking in Crestonia and Bisaltia, with the rich silver deposits of Mt.Dysorus. It was probably Alexander who organized the mass of his people as ahoplite army called pezhetairoi ('foot companions'), with rudimentarypolitical rights, to act as a counterweight to the nobility, the cavalryhetairoi ('companions'). His byname, the Philhellene, indicates hisefforts to win Greek sympathies. He spread the legend deriving hisArgead house from the Temenids of Argos and thus obtained admission tothe Olympic Games. From Persian spoil he erected a golden statue atDelphi, and he entertained the poet Pindar at his court. [EncyclopędiaBritannica CD '97, ALEXANDER I] ---------- Amyntas' successor, Alexander I (reigned before 492-c. 450), advancedhis frontiers eastward to the Strymon (Struma) River. His byname, 'thePhilhellene,' indicates his efforts to win Greek sympathies. He spreadthe legend deriving his Argead house from the Temenids of Argos and thusobtained admission to the Olympic Games. [Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97,ARGEAD DYNASTY]1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c 515 BC1 | |
| Death* | c. 450 BC3,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Amyntas, Sovereign of Persia (?)+1 | |
Amyntas I, King of Macedonia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Alketas, King of Macedonia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | 6th Century BC, King of Macedonia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Tributary vassal to the Persian sovereign, Darius Hystaspes. By thereign of Amyntas I (6th century BC) Macedonian power extended eastwardbeyond the Axius (Axiós) River to dominate the neighbouring Thraciantribes.1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c. 540 BC1 | |
| Death* | 498 - 495 BC3,1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Alexander I Philhellene, King of Macedonia (?)+1 | |
Alketas, King of Macedonia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Aeropos, King of Macedonia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c. 565 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Amyntas I, King of Macedonia (?)+1 | |
| ||
Aeropos, King of Macedonia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Phillipos, King of Macedonia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | c. 588 BC -, King of Macedonia, Type: Reigned1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c. 610 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Alketas, King of Macedonia (?)+1 | |
| ||
Phillipos, King of Macedonia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Argaios I, King of Macedonia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 621 - 588 BC, King of Macedonia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Birth* | c. 645 BC1 | |
| Death* | 588 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Aeropos, King of Macedonia (?)+1 | |
Argaios I, King of Macedonia (?)1 (M) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Perdiccas, King of Macedonia (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Event-Misc | 652 - 621 BC, King of Macedonia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Birth* | c. 675 BC1 | |
| Death* | 621 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Phillipos, King of Macedonia (?)+1 | |
Perdiccas, King of Macedonia (?)1 (M) | ||
| Parent-Bio | Missing Generations (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc | c. 670 - 652 BC, King of Macedonia, Type: Reigned2,1 | |
| Note* | Argead dynasty, ruling house of ancient Macedonia from about 700 to about311 BC; under their leadership the Macedonian kingdom was created andgradually gained predominance throughout Greece. Perdiccas I, led thepeople who called themselves Macedonians eastward from their home on theHaliacmon (modern Aliįkmon) River. Aegae (Edessa) became the capital.[Encyclopędia Britannica CD '97, [ARGEAD DYNASTY]1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c. 695 BC1 | |
| Death* | 652 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Son-Bio* | Argaios I, King of Macedonia (?)+1 | |
Missing Generations (?)1 (?) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Tyrimmas (?)1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| ||
Tyrimmas (?)1 (M) | ||
| Parent-Bio | Missing Generations (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c. 732 - 667 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Child-Bio* | Missing Generations (?)+1 | |
| ||
Missing Generations (?)1 (?) Pedigree | ||
| Father-Bio* | Koinos (?)1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| ||
Koinos (?)1 (M) | ||
| Parent-Bio | Missing Generations (?)1 | |
| Event-Misc* | M1 | |
| Birth* | c. 766 - 733 BC1 | |
| Immigrant | O | |
| Last Edited | 12 Apr 2001 | |
| CoParent | ||
| Child-Bio* | Missing Generations (?)+1 | |
| ||
For comments or corrections please contact
Compiler:
Benjamin McAlester Brink
Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
This page was created by John Cardinal's Second Site v1.4.7. Site updated on 4 Oct 2003 at 9:13:21 PM BRINK; 15565 people. Copyright 2003 Ben & Janet Brink